1. Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal System 3 Appendicular Skeleton
Dr Fadel Naim
Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
IUG 1

2. The Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
Pelvic girdle
Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
Upper and lower limbs differ in function
Share the same structural plan

3. Articulated Pectoral Girdle

4. Appendicular Skeleton
Upper extremity
Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and hand
Shoulder girdle
Made up of scapula and clavicle
Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the sternoclavicular joint
At its distal end, clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

5. Pectoral Girdle shoulder girdle clavicles scapulae
supports upper limbs

6. Clavicles articulate with manubrium
articulate with scapulae (acromion process)

7. Scapulae spine supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa acromion process
coracoid process
glenoid cavity

9. The Upper Limb 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the
Arm
Forearm
Hand

10. Upper Limb
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

11. Humerus The long bone of the upper arm
Articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna

12. Humerus head greater tubercle lesser tubercle anatomical neck
surgical neck
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa

13. Radius Long bone found on thumb side of forearm
Articulates proximally with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
articulates distally with scaphoid and lunate carpals and with head of ulna

14. Radius
lateral forearm bone
head
radial tuberosity
styloid process

15. Ulna Long bone found on little finger side of forearm
Articulates proximally with humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk

16. Ulna medial forearm bone trochlear notch olecranon process
coronoid process
styloid process

17. Wrist and Hand Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
scaphoid
pisiform
triquetrum
hamate
lunate
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx

19. Appendicular Skeleton
Lower extremity
Consists of the bones of
Hip
Thigh
lower leg
Ankle
Foot

20. Pelvis The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.
Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity.
Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.

21. Os Coxae Commonly referred to as the “hip bone” or innominate bone.
Each is formed from three separate bones:
the ilium
the ischium
the pubis
Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

24. Pelvic Girdle
Coxae (2)
supports trunk of body
protects viscera

25. Coxae hip bones acetabulum ilium ischium pubis obturator foramen
iliac crest
iliac spines
greater sciatic notch
ischium
ischial spines
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
pubis
obturator foramen
symphysis pubis
pubic arch

26. Greater and Lesser Pelvis
sacrum and coccyx posteriorly
lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly
Greater Pelvis
lumbar vertebrae posteriorly
iliac bones laterally
abdominal wall anteriorly

27. Male and Female Pelvis Female iliac bones more flared broader hips
pubic arch angle greater
more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities
sacral curvature shorter and flatter
lighter bones

30. Lower Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

31. Femur longest bone of body head fovea capitis neck greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
condyles
epicondyles

32. Patella kneecap anterior surface of knee
flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon

33. Tibia shin bone medial to fibula condyles tibial tuberosity
anterior crest
medial malleolus

34. Fibula lateral to tibia long, slender head lateral malleolus
does not bear any body weight

35. Ankle and Foot Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
proximal
middle
distal

36. Ankle and Foot

37. Arches of the Foot
The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the ground.
Helps it support the weight of the body.
Ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the sole of the foot are not pinched when standing.

38. Arches of the Foot
Medial longitudinal arch extends from the heel to the big toe.
Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as the medial longitudinal arch.
Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches.

40. Hallux valgus
A lateral deviation of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
Its incidence is greater in women than in men
Associated with badly fitting shoes.
Often accompanied by the presence of a short first metatarsal bone.
Once the deformity is established, it is progressively worsened by the pull of the flexor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis longus muscles.

41. Hallux rigidus
Osteoarthritic changes in the metatarsophalangeal joint, which then becomes stiff and painful

42. Pes planus (flat foot)
A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed.
As a result, the forefoot is displaced laterally
The head of the talus is no longer supported
The causes of flat foot are both congenital and acquired.

43. THE END