1. Do Now: Log in to canvas In Modules, Unit 3 Complete the discussion board: A House Divided You have 15 minutes to complete No headphones or phones!

2. Antebellum Mississippi: Early Statehood

3. Why is sectionalism a problem? Sectionalism- an allegiance to local, rather than national, interests. “What’s best for me?” Caused by the differences in geography and climate in various parts of the U.S. People in different parts of the country had developed local customs, traditions, and economic interests. – For example: North- industrial ; South- agriculture Why it became an issue: The south used slaves as labor while in the north they used whites that were paid. – The issue?: Should America continue to allow slavery????

4. The State Capital 1798-Natchez – it was already a substantial frontier settlement – No Capital building was built – Officials met wherever there was space 1802-Washington – Political rivalry moved capital up 6 miles – Many sessions still met in Natchez though 1821-LeFleur’s Bluff – Most population lived in Natchez District but small farmers up north wanted a capital closer to them – Wanted it moved away from elite merchants in Natchez – Center of the state – Renamed Jackson after Andrew Jackson – 1840s, capital building was built… the Old Capital Museum!

5. MS’s New Capital 1.Most Mississippians live in the Natchez District and those in the eastern and northern parts of the state feel neglected by the state legislature. 2.In 1821, the state legislature chose LeFleur’s Bluff on the Pearl River as the site of Jackson, the state’s new capital. 3.This location was chosen because: a.it was centrally located in the state. b.they believed the Pearl River would become a major trade route 4.Named after General Andrew Jackson.

6. Andrew Jackson “The Common Man” Elected President in 1828 Did not inherit wealth Had little formal education Lawyer, landowner, and was a hero at the Battle of New Orleans

7. Era of the Common Man Antebellum means “before the war” (civil war) There are many changes in America during the early years of the 19 th century – Property ownership requirement was eliminated, so now all adult white men could vote and hold office Wealth and education no longer guaranteed access to power Mississippi was producing more cotton than any other state

8. MS’s Constitution of 1832 1.MS’s Constitution of 1832 reflected the principles of the Era of the Common Man. 2.Judges were elected and had specified terms of office. (were appointed in 1817 Const.) 3.Most state offices became elective. 4.Paying taxes or owning property were eliminated as requirements to vote. (now all white males could vote) 5.Representation in both houses of MS’s legislature became determined by population. 6.Maintained slavery as a legal institution

9. Constitution of 1817Constitution of 1832 1.Favored wealthy aristocrats 2.Office holders were elected for life 3.Voter requirements- owned land, serve in militia, free white male 4.No provision for amendment 5.Judges were appointed for life 1.Favored the majority of state’s white population 2.Office holders were elected to limited terms 3.Qualifications were removed as requirements for voters 4.Power to amend through the legislature 5.Judges were elected

10. The Native Americans of MS 1.In order for MS to develop, more settlers were needed. 2.The problem was, most of the lands of MS were controlled by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes. 3. Assimilation – bringing the Native Americans into U.S. society – didn’t work.

11. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 1.In 1830, in order to remove the Native Americans from the southeastern U.S., Andrew Jackson had the U.S. Congress pass the Indian Removal Act. 2.This law: a.Paid the Native Americans for their land in MS. b.Provided new lands in the Indian Territory in the west. c.Provided for the move of the Native Americans westward.

12. MS Native American Land Cessions 1.Treaty of Pontotoc – 1832 2.Treaty of 1816 3. Added in 1812 4.Treaty of Fort Adams – 1801 5.Treaty of Doak’s Stand – 1820 6.Treaty of Mount Dexter – 1815 7.Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa – 1803 8. Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek - 1830

13. The Trail of Tears 1.The new Indian Territory that was created was in present-day Oklahoma. 2.The Native Americans made their way to the territory the best they could, often without the government help that had been promised. 3.Many Native Americans died along the way.

14. The Trail of Tears

15. Antebellum Politics and Government Two Parties existed: Whigs and Democrats The county government met most of the needs of the people An elected board of police governed each county They levied taxes for county affairs, appointed supervisors to build and maintain roads and bridges, approved who could operate hotels, run ferries, or sell alcohol.

16. Flush Times 1.Prosperity was common in antebellum MS due to the cheap price of land and the high price of cotton. 2.As the prosperity spread, banks began giving easy credit and printed more currency – paper money – than they had specie – gold and silver – to back it up. 3.This practice eventually lead to the Panic of 1837.

17. The Panic of 1837 1.The price of cotton fell drastically. 2.In MS, landowners who bought their land on credit and couldn’t pay back their debts had their land foreclosed on. (banks losing money) 3.Landowners who couldn’t pay their taxes had their land seized by the state. (government losing money) 4.Banks closed and even the state government went bankrupt.

18. Transportation Slow and difficult Dirt roads were dusty and had rutted land and muddy paths Wagon pulled by oxen- could only travel 20 miles a day Steamboats! Carried cotton and other goods on the Mississippi River Most of our cotton went to New Orleans then to textile mills in England Railroads-Two Stages – 1. Bring cotton to river port – 2.Small railroads combined to join major cities in nation – Most successful early Railroad- Vicksburg and Jackson

19. The West Feliciana 1.The West Feliciana was the first railroad built in MS - it was a cotton line. 2.It was built by Edward McGehee.

20. Education Public education developed slowly – Farming did not require a lot of schooling Limited opportunities for women – Private schools available, no colleges supported by state – Women’s “job”: serve the needs of husband and children No schools for black children (slave or free) School terms were short-lasted less than 3 months Higher education- private and religious organizations – Jefferson College and Oakland College- for young men… did not survive the Civil War – Hampstead Academy in 1826 became baptist and renamed Mississippi College in 1850

21. Religion Largest denomination were the Methodists and Baptists Smaller denominations: Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Catholics Local churches- had both black and white members

22. Do Now Log in to Canvas – Complete the discussion post “The Common Man”

23. “The Southern Way of Life” To most white Mississippians this way of life, meant a plantation – The Southern Goal: own a plantation that is large enough to need slaves (this shows wealth and prestige) For Mississippians a plantation usually consisted of cotton! Cotton in Mississippi is referred to as King Cotton.

24. King Cotton!!!! Mississippi was the leading cotton producing state in the nation…. We were the Heartland of the Cotton Kingdom! Land in Mississippi was very fertile to grow cotton Most cotton was grown with slave labor on relatively large farms or plantations

25. Cotton Production Agriculture and lumber production was the main occupation for slaves Invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 increased the production and growth of cotton in Mississippi and in the south A slave named John Barclay with the help from others built the first gin in Mississippi

26. Cotton from Baby Dolls???? A need for a cotton seed that would fit our climate was needed. It was known that Mexican cotton would grow in Mississippi but Mexican officials did allow it to be exported 1806: Walter Burling, a Natchez planter, visits Mexico – He buys several dolls, stuffs them with the cotton seed, and brought them back to Natchez – From then a scientist develops the Mexican-Petit Gulf variety of cotton

27. Farmers in Mississippi Largest group of slave owners in Mississippi were the small farmers Favored expansion of slavery in the western territories of the U.S. Feared the abolishment of slavery: would ruin their hopes of becoming wealthy large farmers Large Farmers: Minority in MS Dominated state economically and socially “Large”= owned 50 or more slaves with 500 + acres 1860: only 59 MS slaves holders owned more than 200 slaves and only 14 owned more than 500 Small Farmers: “Small”= owned between 20-50 slaves with 200-500 acres Mainly Democrats Wanted the prestige of large farmers and were ambitious to gain their wealth

28. Origin of Slavery Ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome had the tradition of human bondage (captivity, servitude) – Jews were among some of the first slaves When the English established the colonies they brought with them African slaves. The French, when building settlements in the Mississippi Territory, used Indian slaves When America acquired the Mississippi Territory, slavery already existed so they allowed it to continue

29. Slave Population Up until the 1830s, slaves were a minority Once land became a surplus and cleared for cotton growth, slaves grew in number By 1860, slaves outnumbered whites 436,631 to 353,901 About 30,943 Mississippians were slave owners In 1860, less than half of the white people in Mississippi owned slaves

30. Types of Slaves Field Slaves: largest group – Men, Women, and Children (6 years) – 10-12 hours a day, 5 ½ days a week – Cotton and corn production – Off Season: repaired fences, barns and other chores House Slaves: Cooks, housekeepers, butlers, gardeners, carriage drivers Often given special treatment Ate better food, better clothing, did not work as hard as field hands Town Slaves: Smallest Group Lived in towns and cities Bricklayers, carpenters, blacksmiths Lived in the slave quarters ( section of town) Hired out to owners, kept a portion of wages Some bought their freedom

31. Early Management of Slaves Governor Bienville issued a set of laws in 1724 They granted slaves only a few rights but did provide protection – Blacks and whites could not marry – Could not own property – Gathering in groups was restricted – When sold, however, could not be separated from families – Could not let them free when they were sick or old – Could not be forced to work on Sundays or holidays – Freed slaves received the privileges of any free citizen

32. Managing the Slaves Protectionism to Ownership Black Codes no longer existed – Slaves could be sold separately – Could not learn to read or write – Could not testify in court Punishment: Whippings, withholding rations, lack of visiting privileges Rewards: Extra rations, new clothing, repairs to homes Plantations had overseers to enforce the slave codes (state laws that regulated slavery) Slaves that left plantation: carried a pass stating their purpose, where they were going, and how long they were staying

33. Family and Religion Family was the most important unit for slaves Marriages were not legally valid, but encouraged by slave owners Reason for running: to join with a family member The family developed their own system of values and customs Besides family, religion was another important facet of a slaves life

34. Religion: A Feeling of Hope A hope of deliverance sustained the slaves during their bondage Slaves went to church with the white people and after the service they held praise meetings just for slaves at their quarters Would sing, dance, chant, etc… to express their feelings, frustrations, and anger Religion was their escape It also allowed them to keep some of their African culture

35. Free Men of Color 1860: 773 African Americans were not slaves – Rights and privileges were restricted – Had to carry with them papers stating they were free White Mississippians feared free blacks – Thought they would create a desire for freedom among the slaves William Johnson: most prominent free black – Owned several barbershops in Natchez and Vicksburg – Owned 5 houses, thousands of acres, and 15 slaves – One of the most successful businessmen in Natchez

36. Slave Resistance Most direct form of resistance was running away – Chances of escaping were not very good and the punishment was severe Other forms of resistance – Set fire to barns, fences, houses – Neglected farm equipment and animals – Slowed down work pace – Murdered owners by poisoning

37. Rumors of Slave Revolts Summer 1835: slave revolt rumors swept through Madison County and spread to Hinds and Warren Counties – Any slave or white strangers who acted suspiciously were taken into custody for questioning – By the end of the summer, 12 whites and almost 30 slaves were hung by white mobs who were afraid of a slave revolt

38. Andrew’s Social Media You will create a social media for Andrew Jackson – Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram Complete the template given to you (or make your own!) with factual information Imagine if social media existed during the 1800s!!! If you were Andrew Jackson what would you “update”? – Rubric Factual References- 20 points Friends/Followers-10 points (use research) Updates/Posts-20 points **Instagram must include a lists of followers and who you follow Extra Fluff/Creativity- 15 points