1. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 1 of 18 Session I.4.9j Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 9jFuel Cycle – High Level Waste Disposal IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 2 of 18 High Level Waste Disposal

3. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 3 of 18 High Level Waste Disposal

4. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 4 of 18 High Level Waste - HLW  Refers to long-life wastes from reprocessing (“first- cycle aqueous raffinate”) except in USA where there is currently no reprocessing  From Purex reprocessing, one 175 litre can containing 150 litres of HLW glass from 2 MTHM of SNF (better than 5:1 volume reduction)  DOE vitrified HLW uses 625 litre can  Dry storage of HLW containers

5. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 5 of 18 Vitrified High Level Waste Loading silos with canisters containing vitrified high ‑ level waste in UK, each disc on the floor covers a silo holding ten canisters

6. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 6 of 18 Yucca Mountain Nevada USA

7. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 7 of 18 Yucca Mountain Nevada USA

8. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 8 of 18 HLW Disposal Cannisters

9. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 9 of 18 Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP) Transuranic Waste Disposal

10. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 10 of 18 Transuranic Waste Disposal

11. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 11 of 18 Typical for the operation of a 1000 MWe nuclear power reactor Mining22,400 tonnes of 1% uranium ore Milling 280 tonnes of uranium oxide concentrate (224 t U) Conversion 331 tonnes UF 6 (with 224 t U) Enrichment 35 tonnes UF 6 (with 24 t enriched U, balance is tails) Fuel Fabrication 27 tonnes UO 2 (with 24 t enriched U) Reactor Operation7,000 million kWh of electricity Spent Fuel27 tonnes containing 240kg plutonium, 23 t uranium (0.8% U-235), 720kg fission products, also transuranics Material Balance in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

12. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 12 of 18 World Nuclear Association http://www.world-nuclear.org/ Australian Uranium Association http://www.aua.org.au/ Institute for Energy and Environmental Research http://www.ieer.org Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (HHS) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov Australian Academy of Science http://www.science.org.au Where to Get More Information

13. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.9j – slide 13 of 18 World Information Service on Energy (WISE Uranium Project) http://www. wise-uranium.org/ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) http://www.iaea.org/ US DOE Environmental Management http://www.em.doe.gov/ US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia. gov/nuclear/ USNRCwww.nrc.gov Where to Get More Information