1. 1 Humberto Foronda Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA IRES 2011: Undergraduate Research in Leoben, Austria Support: NSF OISE-0402066, DMR-0746902, and OISE-0755170, Army Research Office W911NF-09-1-0435.

2. 2 Leoben,Austria Population: 25,227 Official Language: German

3. 3 Montanuniversität Leoben Specializes in Mining, Metallurgy, and Materials Number of Students: 2,764

4. 4 Life at the Institute Insititut für Struktur und Funktionskeramik

5. 5 Research Investigation of Sodium Bismuth Titanate with Iron and Manganese at different percentages with an electron microprobe Raman Spectroscopy on various compositions of NBT-BT processed at the University of Florida and Darmstadt Investigation of crack propagation in Vickers Indentations on conditioned Lead Zirconate Titanate

6. 6 Electron Microprobe

7. 7 NBT-Fe NBT-Fe 0.5% NBT-Fe 2.0% Fe clusters Grain Pullout Electron microprobe image (left). Same image with focus on Fe(right) 0.5% noticeably homogenous throughout sample 2.0% forms Fe-rich deposits(clusters) around pores, noticeably inhomogeneous clusters Grain Pullout

8. 8 NBT-Mn NBT-Mn 0.5% NBT-Mn 2.0% Mn Grain Pullout clusters Electron microprobe image(left).Same image with focus on Mn (right) 0.5% noticeably homogenous throughout sample 2.0% has Mn-rich deposits, noticeably inhomogenous

9. 9 Magnified Images of 2% Mn-NBT Grain pullout cluster Grain pullout Mn Grain pullout Na Reduction in Bi Grain pullout Bi Original image of magnified surface of NBT-Mn 2% electron microprobe conducts search on Mn, cluster of Mn, inhomogeneous Electron microprobe conducts search on Na, cluster of Na, Electron microprobe conducts search on Bi, reduction in bismuth.

10. 10 Raman Spectroscopy Examines vibrational modes in a sample Sample was measured with a source of monochromatic light, recording only the inelastically scattered photons Incident Photon can be absorbed by molecule (Stokes Scattering) Molecule can lose energy (Anti-Stokes Scattering)

11. 11 Raman Spectra for NBT-BT

12. 12 Raman for NBT-BT Raman Spectra is plotted raw data. Analyzing data through peak fitting helped us find transition temperatures According to literature on NBT-based materials, the mode at 620 cm-1 represents vibrations of the BO6 octahedra occurring along the c-axis, showing a change in the symmetry or tilting of the octahedra % BTTransition Temp in Darmstadt (Celsius) Transition Temp in UF (Celsius) 6205265 7225285 9225265 expect to see it as an anomaly in the peak position of the mode at 620 cm-1

13. 13 Indentations E-Field Poled PZT sample with Vicker’s Indentation (Anisotropic) Cracks parallel to E- field shorter due to energy lost when domains switched from perpendicular to parallel. Life expectancy of poled samples were investigated. Repeated crack length measurements which were conducted two years ago in order to compare and discover a potential aging effect.

14. 14 Recorded Measurement 1.Poled at 2kV/mm, heated to 150 celsius 2.Poled at 2kV/mm, heated to 150 celsius, 50 MPa load 3.Poled at 2kV/mm, heated to 75 celsius, 50 MPa load

15. 15 Recorded Measurements

16. 16 Future Work Prepare NBT results from Austria for publication Continue work on NBT-BT temperature dependant measurements Potentially continue measurements of electromechanical coupling factor