1. Deep Ocean BenthosNektos Chemosymbiotic communities Deadfall communities

2. Bathyal, abyssal, hadal No light at all below 1km Low T (3 to -18C) High O2 High P (300-1000atm) Benthos Not well known; deeper than able to dive Limited areas studied But: high diversity Enough nutrients, O2

3. Nekton Squid, ctenophores, jellies, fish, sharks Vertically zoned Not well known, same problem as with studying benthos

4. Bioluminescence Chemical reaction in photocell Lures Conspecific ID Predator avoidance Nekton

5. Hydrothermal vents, seeps First discovered 1977, Galapagos Now fairly well studied for deep ocean, new discovery

6. Hydrothermal vents, seeps Warm to hot water Water boiling out of black smokers: 100’sC Black smokers Volcanic activity Metals, sulfides

7. Hydrothermal vents, seeps Tube worms, mussels, giant clams, crabs, shrimp, eels Chemosymbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Predators Fossil record: 450 MY, 150 MY, recent Important for understanding early life processes

8. Whale Carcass Communities Dead whales  attract scavengers Temporary “community” Can feed organisms for weeks Organisms leave when whale consumed