1. 中華人民共和国 中国中国 Population 1,300,000,000 22 Provinces + Taiwan 5 Autonomous Regions 4 Municipalities 2 Special Administrative Regions

2. Some inventions/discoveries of the Chinese prior to the 15th Century Europe entry (century) 1. The horse collar 3rd BC 6 2. The wheelbarrow 1st BC 11 3. The moldboard plow 3rd BC 17 4. Paper money 9th 17 5. Cast iron 4th BC 7 6. The helicopter rotor and the propeller 4th 19 7. The decimal system 14th BC 9 8. The seismograph 2nd 19 9. Matches 6th 16 10. Circulation of the blood 2nd BC 17 11. Paper 2nd BC West Asia 8 manufactured in Europe 12 12. Brandy and Whiskey 7th 12 13. The Kite 4th BC 16 14. The rocket and multi-staged rockets 11th 14 Chinese have great pride in their past, great frustrations about their relationships with the West, and great patience for the future.

3. Recent Historic Junctures 1800 Qing Dynasty (Manchu) 1839-42 Opium War/unequal treaties 1912 Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen followed by rule of landed warlords 1921 Communist Party founded 1927 Civil War 1934 Long March 1937 Japanese invasion 1949 Communist victory 1976 Mao Dies 1953-57 Five-Year Plan 1958-60 Great Leap Forward 1966-76 Cultural Revolution 1989 Tiananmen Demonstration Landlords, collectives, communes, and riches

4. 6th largest GDP (12% of world total), purchasing parity 2nd, 1980-2000 avg. income increased 15 fold But income not equitably distributed---- officially 7.8 million unemployed, health care, retirement, schools threatened for poorer segments of population

5. Government President Vice President Premier, Vice- Premiers State Council Ministries, Commissions, Bureaus, etc. Provincial, City, Local, People’s Governments Provincial, City, Local, People’s Congress National People’s Congress Central Military Commission Supreme People’s Court Supreme People’s Procuratorate

6. Democratic idea Peoples Republic of China 中華人民共和国 Democracy 民主政治 What is democracy? Socialist Democracy Competitive Democracy What role should elections have in a democracy?

7. Although they remain subordinate to the CCP, the various government bodies and other organizations discussed in this section should not be dismissed. They do “provide important access points between the Party and the organized masses, which allow the voicing of special interests in ways that do not threaten Party hegemony and yet pressure the shaping of policy.” From page 662

8. Amnesty International China 2002 Covering events from January - December 2002 Serious human rights violations continued and in some respects the situation deteriorated. Tens of thousands of people continued to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression, association or belief. Some were sentenced to prison terms; many others were administratively detained without charge or trial. The "strike hard" campaign against crime launched in April 2001 was renewed for a further year. According to interim figures available, the crack-down led to at least 1,921 death sentences, many imposed after unfair trials, and 1,060 executions. Torture and ill-treatment remained widespread and appeared to increase as a result of the campaign. The anti-crime crack-down also extended to people accused of being "ethnic separatists", "terrorists" and "religious extremists" in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) and members of the Falun Gong spiritual movement. Further regulations were introduced to control access to the Internet. Labour protests increased and were frequently met with excessive use of force and arbitrary detentions. In Xinjiang, restrictions increased on the cultural and religious rights of the mainly Muslim Uighur minority. In Tibet, freedom of expression and religion continued to be severely restricted, although seven prisoners of conscience were released before the end of their sentences.