1. Ethics and Values in Public Policy

2. Mark Carl Rom How Should We Decide? Utilitarianism, deontology, casuistry Market, politics, experts

3. Mark Carl Rom How Should We Decide? Utilitarianism Deontology Casuistry

4. Mark Carl Rom Utilitarianism “Greatest good for the greatest number” “Maximize social efficiency” “Greatest possible sum of benefits” Cost benefit analysis Critique?

5. Mark Carl Rom Deontology The “categorical imperative” (Kant) “One should act only on maxims that can be universalized as principles of law without producing a situation that would frustrate the end to which they aim” “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means”

6. Mark Carl Rom Casuistry Pragmatism Works with socially-agreed up on values Links specific actions and moral principles Human perceptiveness and discernment Mediates between competing values and accepts tradeoffs

7. Mark Carl Rom Casuistry Example: The First Amendment “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech”…  Exceptions?

8. Mark Carl Rom Policy Analysis What do policy analysts actually do?  Criteria-Alternatives matrix (CAM)  Cost-Benefit analysis  Decision-Tree analysis

9. Mark Carl Rom Criteria-Alternatives Matrix Specify policy options Specify criteria for evaluation Select weights for criteria Score each option on each criterion Multiply, sum, and compare options: select the highest score

10. Mark Carl Rom Criteria-Alternatives Matrix Policies Criteria MarketDemocracyAuthority Liberty Equity Security Efficiency Total Score

11. Mark Carl Rom Criteria-Alternatives Matrix Policies> Criteria MarketDemocracyAuthority Liberty (.25) 123 Equity (.25) 234 Security (.25) 342 Efficiency (.25) 411 Total Score

12. Mark Carl Rom Criteria-Alternatives Matrix Policies> Criteria MarketDemocracyAuthority Liberty (.25)1*.25=.252*.25=.503*.25=.75 Equity (.25)2*.25=.503*.25=.754*.25=1.0 Security (.25)3*.25=.754*.25=1.02*.25=.50 Efficiency (.25)4*.25=1.01*.25 =.25 Total Score2.5