1. The Challenges of Urbanization  Urban Opportunities  Urban Problems  Reformers Mobilize

2. Urban Opportunities  Urbanization: Growth of cities. Immigrants Migration from rural areas  Innovation in farming  African Americans escaping violence and discrimination in the south.

3. Americanization Movement  Programs aimed at teaching immigrants to be good citizens. English Government History  Programs to teach social skills and American culture

4. Urban Problems  Housing  Transportation  Water  Sanitation  Fire  Crime

5. Housing  Problem: Housing on outskirts = transportation issues Tenements- cramped living conditions in the intercity with unsanitary conditions.  Solutions: Row Houses - single family dwellings that share a side wall w/ other similar houses Laws passed to guarantee minimum standards of plumbing and ventilation. Dumbbell Tenements – 5 or 6 story buildings with indentations for ventilation.

6. Transportation  Problem: People traveled on foot or by horse-drawn vehicles.  Solution: Mass Transit – system designed to move large numbers of people. Street Cars  Cable (San Francisco)  Electric (Richmond, VA) Electric Subway (Boston)

7. Water  Problem: Availability of fresh, safe water. Diseases like cholera and typhoid fever No indoor plumbing – had to haul water from pumps in the street.  Solution: Public Water Works Chlorination in 1893 (New York) Filtration in 1908 (New York)

8. Sanitation  Problem: Horse manure, sewage flow through open gutters, air pollution, no dependable trash service  Solution: Sewer Lines City operated sanitation departments

9. Fire  Problem: Limited water supply to fight fires Buildings made of wood Use of candles and kerosene lanterns Only volunteer firefighters  Solution: Full-time Professional Fire Departments Automatic fire sprinklers in 1874 Replacement of wood buildings with brick, stone, and concrete

10. Crime  Problem: Pickpockets / Thieves Con Men Gangs  Solution: Full-time, salaried Police Force

11. Reformers Mobilize  Problem: Poverty in Cities  Solution: Social Reformers Social Gospel Movement Settlement House

12. Social Gospel Movement  Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service. Erected churches in poor neighborhoods Persuaded some businesses to treat workers more fairly.

13. Settlement Houses  Settlement House - community centers in slum neighborhoods that provide assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children- especially immigrants. Provides educational, cultural, and social services  Jane Addams – social reformer and co-founder of Hull House in Chicago.