1. Future Neutrino Physics Mitch Soderberg Fermilab Institutional Review June 6-9, 2011

2. Outline Physics of future neutrino experiments. NuMI Neutrino Beam Experiments  NO A  MINOS+  MINER A Booster Neutrino Beam Experiments  MiniBooNE  MicroBooNE LBNE Neutrino Possibilities with Project X Conclusion Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 2

3. Long Baseline Neutrino Physics Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 3 Neutrino oscillation physics is entering an exciting period, with several experiments under construction, or on the horizon, that have discovery potential.  What is 13 ?  Is there CP violation with neutrinos?  What is the mass hierarchy? NOvA, T2K, and reactor experiments could measure 13 in the coming years. MINOS reports interesting 2 neutrino/antineutrino discrepancy. MINOS Neutrino/Antineutrino Results 13 Discovery Evolution arXiv:1005.3146

4. Short Baseline Neutrino Physics MiniBooNE sees hint of LSND-like oscillation in antineutrino mode.  Sterile Neutrinos?  Lorentz/CPT violation?  New interactions? Measurements of neutrino cross- sections in the few-GeV region are extremely relevant for oscillation physics, and can probe interesting nuclear effects (e.g. - short-range correlations). Short-Baseline Workshop held at Fermilab in May to discuss this physics. Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 4 Neutrino Cross-Sections

5. Goal for Proton Source Throughput Timeline for Fermilab Neutrino Experiments in Coming Decade Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 5 Tevatron ends NOvA MINERvA MINOS? MicroBooNE g-2 Mu2e MINERvA MINOS MiniBooNE LBNE

6. NOvA Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 6 Of next generation experiments, NOvA uniquely provides information on the neutrino mass hierarchy,  CP, and possible differences in neutrino and antineutrino disappearance rates. NOvA is a next generation experiment on the Fermilab NuMI neutrino beam to search for   e and   e oscillations NuMI  CCQE event in NOvA prototype o Far detector laboratory near completion at Ash River MN 810 km from FNAL. o First detector planes to be installed at end of this year. o Operating a prototype on surface at FNAL in NuMI and Booster neutrino beams o Upgrade to 700 kW NuMI beam intensity during shutdown in 2012. o First data starting in early 2013 o Far detector completed by end of 2013. Beneficial occupancy of Ash River lab 4/11 _ _

7. NOvA Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 7 NOvA has been operating a prototype near detector on the surface in the NuMI and Booster neutrino beams since December 2010. Already recorded 1001 NuMI events and 189 Booster events. NuMI spill gate (10 usec) BNB spill gate (1.6 usec) Beam direction

8. NOvA e and e appearance Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 8 NOvA is designed to have large mass, low Z, and fine segmentation to separate e CC events from NC events _

9. NOvA  and  Disappearance Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 9  charged-current interactions have a very clear signature in NOvA (see below) and are reconstructed with 4% energy resolution allowing for precise measurements of “23” sector both in neutrino and antineutrino mode.. Energy rise at end of proton track _ Measurements of “23” oscillation parameters for three possible choices of inputs Resolution of the MINOS neutrino/antineutrino discrepancy.

10. MINOS+ MINOS collaboration has proposed continued running in the NuMI-NOvA beam. 3000 CC events/year in 4-10GeV range in MINOS. (Have ~1500 events in this range after 5 years of LE running). Extended running would quickly improve existing MINOS 23, m 2 measurements, and also improve world measurement when combined with NOvA. Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 10 After 3 years of MINOS+ Running 4-10GeV range only covered by MINOS

11. MINOS+ Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 11  MINOS+ can also search for non-standard interactions (NSI).  NSI = Differences between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos due to non- standard matter effects.  Comparison of low and high energy behavior could disentangle NSI story without anti-neutrino running. J. Kopp, P.A.N. Machado and S.Parke, Phys.Rev.D82:113002 (2010).

12. MINER A: LOI to study -D scattering Wealth of charged lepton ratios of A/D structure functions Global fits for these ratios in neutrinos puzzling Measuring -D scattering (and A/D ratios) will allow new wealth of -A data to be used in extracting PDF’s 12 MINERvA can see broad range in x,y, Q 2 in NuMI Medium Energy beam Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011

13. MINER A Capabilities with D 2 target Using current knowledge of detector  Acceptance  performance Includes Empty target run Can get to first direct measurements of Fe/D 2 Structure Functions in ’s and anti- ’s Investigating ability to identify Quasi-Elastic events also! Figures assume 3 years, 3 years anti-, 6E20/year 13Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011

14. 14 Getting Deuterium to MINER A Current Vessel is rated for D 2 as well as Helium Submitted LOI to Directorate to request advice on pursuing solutions to:  Safety concerns for running D 2 underground  Acquiring 0.37tons of D 2  Modest detector upgrades might extend physics reach even further Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011

15. Future MiniBooNE Running Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 15 MiniBooNE will run until the March 2012 shutdown, at which point they will have collected >1E21 POT in anti- mode. After analysis of this data, MiniBooNE will decide on submitting a proposal for future running. 5.66E20 POT in Anti-Nu Mode 6.46E20 POT in Nu Mode

16. MicroBooNE Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 16 MicroBooNE is a 170 ton Liquid Argon neutrino detector that will begin operations in 2013. MicroBooNE has several goals: Determine the nature of the MiniBooNE low- energy excess. Make numerous cross-section measurements (many for the 1 st time on LAr). Measure background rates relevant for nucleon-decay searches at LBNE. MicroBooNE serves as a technology test for future massive Liquid Argon detectors. Expected MicroBooNE Neutrino Sample Schematic of MicroBooNE Experiment

17. MicroBooNE Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 17 Neutrino Interaction in ArgoNeuT Detector MicroBooNE will have superior background rejection, relative to MiniBooNE, thanks to capabilities of Liquid Argon detectors. Neutral Current background is almost completely eliminated using MicroBooNE’s excellent electron/photon separation. Simulation/Reconstruction tools developed/tested on ArgoNeuT will be used on MicroBooNE and LBNE.

18. LBNE Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 18  LBNE = Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment  306 members, 58 institutions, 5 countries  LBNE, located at the Homestake Mine (L~1300km), would receive an intense neutrino beam from Fermilab.  LBNE would run in the era after NOvA (~2020).  Far-detector options include:  One 200kTon (fiducial) Water Cerenkov detector  Two 17kTon (fiducial) LArTPCs Water Cerenkov detector at 4800’ DepthTwo LAr detectors at 800’ Depth

19. LBNE Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 19  LBNE will have excellent sensitivity to measurements of 13, CP, and mass hierarchy.  LBNE far detectors will improve the limits of nucleon decay.  Supernova neutrino burst would produces thousands of interactions in far detectors. 34 kTons LAr 200 kTons WC

20. Neutrino Physics in the Project X Era Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 20  3 GeV, 8GeV, and 120GeV proton sources available in Project X era.  2 MW beam to LBNE greatly increases the exposure rate and extends the physics reach.  Intense beams for short-baseline experiments would be extremely sought after if LSND/MiniBooNE signals persist. LAr+WC Sensitivities for 700kW/2MW Diagram of Project X Facilities

21. Conclusions Fermilab will have unique facilities for neutrino physics in the coming decade (on/off axis beams, short-baseline experiments, precision measurements). Experimental neutrino physics will be thriving at Fermilab in the coming decade. Results from future long-baseline experiments will further our understanding of neutrino oscillations. Continued exploration of short-baseline experiments will produce precision cross-section measurements while potentially leading to the discovery of sterile neutrinos or other new physics. Fermilab Institutional Review, June 6-9, 2011 21