1. DNA / RNA

3. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus / never leaves the nucleus Makes up the chromosomes 4 Nitrogenous Bases: –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –T = Thymine –G = Guanine

4. –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –T = Thymine –G = Guanine A & T – Pair up together C & G – Pair up together DNA is “Double Stranded” / “double helix”

8. RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single Stranded Can move from nucleus to cytoplasm 4 Bases: –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –U = Uracil –G = Guanine

10. RNA –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –U = Uracil –G = Guanine A & U = Pair up together C & G = Pair up together

11. Three main types: –mRNA = Messenger RNA Transfers message from nucleus to cytoplasm CODON = 3 mRNA bases code for Amino Acid –tRNA = Transfer RNA Hooks up w/mRNA and holds the Amino Acid ANTICODON = 3 tRNA bases match up w/mRNA and carry Amino Acid –rRNA = Ribosomal RNA Ribosomes “workbench” for Protein Synthesis

12. A long chain of Amino Acids make up a ____________ –PROTEIN

14. Protein Synthesis “Making Proteins”

15. Transcription Transcription: –Making RNA from DNA mRNA

16. Translation Making a Protein or (polypeptide) from mRNA

19. Intro: Protein Synthesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suN- sV0cT6c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suN- sV0cT6c BIOFLIX: Protein Synthesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wMq HOf692E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wMq HOf692E

23. Exons Vs Introns Exons – “Expressed part of the DNA Intron – Not expressed / spliced out –RNA splicing: Enzyme: spliceosome

26. Frame Shift Mutation

30. Frame Shift Example THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT With the “F” deleted –THE ATC ATA TET HEH AT- With the “F” copied twice –THE FFA TCA TAT ETH EHA T--

31. DNA P/S LAB

42. Heredity = passing of traits from one generation to the next Variation = Parents & offspring are different Genetics = scientific study of heredity and variation

43. Gametes = haploid = with only one set of chromosomes For humans: –haploid number is 23 (n = 23) –Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y

44. Where do your traits come from? Children do not inherit traits from their parents, they inherit genes. Genes are segments of DNA Each gene has a specific locus (location) on a certain chromosome One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent Reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs) unite, passing genes to the next generation

45. The sex chromosomes are called X and Y Human females: –Two X’s chromosomes (XX) Human males: –one X and one Y chromosome The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex are called autosomes Sex Chromosomes

46. Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes one chromosome from each parent Human somatic cells: –46 chromosomes –2 sets of 23 (one from the mother and one from the father) –Diploid = 2n

47. Gametes = haploid = with only one set of chromosomes For humans: –haploid number is 23 (n = 23) –Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y