1. Identifying Trends in the field of ESL By: Lina Engelhart,Sebastiaan Van den Bergh, Isabelle Roulet and Jeremiah Scalia

2. ❖ Common professional background (ESL) Introduction: ❖ 4 Trends: - Use of L1 in L2 (target language) instruction - An increase in non-native ESL teachers - Vocabulary sets: shift in instruction - Technology in the ESL classroom

3. Goede Morgen!

4. Onze eerste les: Goede morgen Goede middag Goeden avond Mij naam is:

5. ❖ Previous: Structure-based environment - focus on language, not message - focus on vocabulary and grammar rules - frequent error correction Trend 1: Increase in L1 usage ❖ Trend: Content-based environment - emphasis on interaction, conversation - grammar used for clarifying meaning

6. Krashen’s theory on Low Affective Filter: High = students experience stress, anxiety, lack of self-confidence inhibiting success in L2 acquisition Low = facilitates risk-taking behavior, enables learning of L2

7. Trend 2: An increase in non-native ESL Teachers Use of English Experience Communication Concerns Benefits Teaching Culture

8. “Language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalized grammar.” -Michael Lewis Tr ending, Then and Now ●General trend toward teaching vocabulary ●Recent shift in methods of teaching vocabulary Trend 3: Trends in ESL Vocabulary Teaching SEMANTIC SETS – grouped according to category (e.g. furniture items, foods). THEMATIC SETS – grouped under thematic concept (e.g. fishing, air travel). UNRELATED SET - no semantic relation, nor are they expressly thematic in association. (frog, car, raining)

9. ❖ 1993 Study (Tinkham) semantic sets had negative effect on vocabulary learning, thematic sets- neutral to positive. ❖ 1997 Study (Waring) learners needed about 50% more time to learn semantically related words than unrelated words. ❖ 2012 Study (Mirjalili, et al.) Subjects recalled more words from unrelated sets than other sets. - unrelated sets (7.30) - thematic sets (7.06) - semantic sets (5.90) Interference Theory - Similarity between vocabulary words learned at the same time hinders retention. What the research says:

10. Semantic Set: has flattened semantic relation table shelf dresser couch Unrelated Set: has dynamic/contrastive semantic relation frog car raining

11. Frylock, Master Shake and Meatwad from left to right: Exception that proves the rule:

12. Technology redefines nature of language learning Trend 4: Technology & Language Learning Experience Positive & negative experiences Negative: Direct Translators!

13. Txt Spk, Internet Language & Acronyms Word Play Slang Technology & Language Make a sentence as short as possible! “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to a man in his language, that goes to his heart” - Nelson Mandela

14. Student-centered Conclusion

15. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

16. Reference 1: Chapter 5 - Observing Learning and Teaching in the Second Language Classroom Reference 2: http://teachingpronunciation.pbworks.com/f/When+the+teacher+is+a+non-native+speaker.PDF Reference 3: http://eldstrategies.com/affectivefilter.html (Krashen)http://eldstrategies.com/affectivefilter.html Reference 4: Thomas Tinkham, Second Language Research 1997 13; 138 References: