1. Outline Introduction (what’s it all about) Data-centric consistency Client-centric consistency Replica management Consistency protocols

2. Consistency protocol Describes the implementation of a specific consistency model. Continuous consistence Sequential consistence Primary-based protocols Replicated-write protocols

3. Continuous Consistency (1) Degree of consistency based on deviations of numerical values (due to operation performed)

4. Continuous consistency

5. And it meets the above bound \delta_i. Si propagate a write originated from Sj to Sk.

6. Consistency protocol Describes the implementation of a specific consistency model. Continuous consistence Sequential consistence Primary-based protocols Replicated-write protocols

7. Consistency protocol Primary-based protocols –sequential consistency The result of any execution is the same as if the (read and write) operations by all processes were executed in some sequential order specified by its program –Data item x has a primary to coordinate write operation. Two types of protocols: –Remote-Write Protocols (primary-backup) Write operations submit to a single remote server. Read op locally, –Local-Write Protocols (primary-backup w local writes) the primary migrates to the process wanting to perform an update.

8. Primary-based protocols Remote-Write Protocols Figure 7-20. The principle of a primary- backup protocol. Long time to finish – blocking or nonblocking the initiator Fault tolerance issue related Primary does the ordering

9. Primary-based protocols Local-Write Protocols Multiple, successive writes can be loca Nonblocking

10. Consistency protocol –Primary-based protocols –Which protocol? –Example: Traditionally applied in distributed databases and file systems that require a high degree of fault tolerance. Replicas are often placed on same LAN. –Example: Mobile computing in disconnected mode (ship all relevant files to user before disconnecting, and update later on). Other processes can not update.

11. Consistency protocol Describes the implementation of a specific consistency model. Continuous consistence Sequential consistence Primary-based protocols Replicated-write protocols

12. Write operations can be carried out at multiple replicas instead of one. Active replication –Propagate the process (write operation) that cause the updates (in stead of the updates) to replica –Operations need to be carried in the same order everywhere. –Totally ordered Multicast or a central coordinator – sequencer. Quorum-Based Protocols –Client need to request and acquire the permission of multiple servers before reading or writing a replicated data item

13. Quorum-Based Protocols Ensure that each operation is carried out in such a way that a majority vote is established –more than half of the N servers (and plus 1) –So to allow determine the consistency and perform the operation Version numbers - Newer versions Quorum - the smallest number of people needed to be present at a meeting before it can officially begin and before official decisions can be taken.

14. Quorum-Based Protocols distinguish read quorum and write quorum –For update: When agreed, update and increase version of the data –For read: also need more than half of the N servers (and plus 1) to agree and to send data. and increase version of the data How many data with same version? –But can be relaxed to –Nw>N/2 -- prevent write-write conflict –Nw + Nr > N -- prevent read-write conflict

15. Replicated-write protocols Quorum-Based Protocols Three examples of the voting algorithm. (a) A correct choice of read and write set. (b) A choice that may lead to write-write conflicts. (c) A correct choice, known as ROWA (read one, write all).