1. I. Energy Flow A. Producers / Make their own food through photosynthesis using sun, water, and carbon dioxide / Plants, algae A. Producers / Make their own food through photosynthesis using sun, water, and carbon dioxide / Plants, algae

2. B. Consumers / Feed on other organisms, cannot make their own food / Example: humans, bear, fox, cow, insects B. Consumers / Feed on other organisms, cannot make their own food / Example: humans, bear, fox, cow, insects

3. C. Decomposers / Break down dead organisms, recycling chemicals to soil, water, & air / Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like earthworms, centipedes, sow bugs C. Decomposers / Break down dead organisms, recycling chemicals to soil, water, & air / Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like earthworms, centipedes, sow bugs

4. D. Energy enters ecosystems as LIGHT is converted to CHEMICAL ENERGY by producers and exits the ecosystem as HEAT.

5. II. Food Chain A. Trophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food web position in food chain/food web A. Trophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food web position in food chain/food web

6. B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain. B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain.

7. C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary Consumer D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level. C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary Consumer D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level.

8. III. Food Web A. Definition: pattern of feeding represented by interconnected branching food chains- more realistic representation of feeding relationships. A. Definition: pattern of feeding represented by interconnected branching food chains- more realistic representation of feeding relationships.

9. B. Draw a simple food web

10. IV. Three Kinds of Ecological Pyramids A. Energy pyramid / Description: diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next A. Energy pyramid / Description: diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next

11. / 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the next higher trophic level.

12. B. Biomass Pyramid / Description: represents the actual dry mass of organisms at each trophic level B. Biomass Pyramid / Description: represents the actual dry mass of organisms at each trophic level

13. C. Pyramid of Numbers / Description: the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem C. Pyramid of Numbers / Description: the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

14. V. Chemical Cycles A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers

15. B. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle / CO 2 Used for photosynthesis / Product of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen sugar and oxygen / During cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in presence of oxygen, and CO 2 is release into air / CO 2 Used for photosynthesis / Product of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen sugar and oxygen / During cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in presence of oxygen, and CO 2 is release into air

16. The Carbon Cycle

18. C. NITROGEN CYCLE / Nitrogen found in amino acids, make proteins proteins / 80% of it is in atmosphere / Nitrogen Fixation- certain bacteria “ fix ” nitrogen gas into ammonium “ fix ” nitrogen gas into ammonium / Found near peas, beans, alfalfa / Nitrogen found in amino acids, make proteins proteins / 80% of it is in atmosphere / Nitrogen Fixation- certain bacteria “ fix ” nitrogen gas into ammonium “ fix ” nitrogen gas into ammonium / Found near peas, beans, alfalfa

19. / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate / Plants can USE nitrate / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate / Plants can USE nitrate

20. Eutrophication!

22. The Nitrogen Cycle