2. Proteins C R H C OH O N H H Amino Group Carboxyl Group Side group

3. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions sunlight CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 c cc c cc glucose Photosynthesis: Process of making glucose

4. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions c cc c cc glucose A ppp Cellular Respiration: Process of making ATP

5. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions DNA Replication: Process of making DNA

6. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions Transcription: process of making RNA A T A C G C G T A TC G U A U C G T A T

7. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions Translation: process of making proteins ribosome Amino acid ribosome

8. Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions Monomer: Amino Acid –20 different types of amino acids Polymer: Polypeptide –Proteins formed from a collection of polypeptides Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein leucinevalineglycinealaninetyrosinelysine histi- dine aspara- gine serineproline = polypeptide 1 Amino acid (monomer) leucinevalinealaninetyrosinelysineproline = polypeptide 2 glycine valine tyrosine leucinevaline glycine alanine tyrosine lysine histi- dine aspara- gine serine proline leucine alanine lysine proline glycine protein Structure & Function

9. Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group C R H C OH O N H H Amino Group Carboxyl Group Side group C H

10. Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group C H H C OH O N H H Amino acid: Glycine R

11. R Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group C H C OH O N H H Amino acid: Alanine HH H C

12. R Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group C H C OH O N H H Amino acid: Valine CH C C HH H H H H

13. What differs between these 4 amino acids? CH C C HH H H H H C H C OH O N H H C H C O N H H C H C O N H H C H C O N H H HH H C H Valine Glycine Alanine CH 2 OH Serine Same differ

14. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

15. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin Ex: hemoglobin –Protein in blood that transports O 2

16. Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food glucose amylase

17. Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins H2OH2O C H C OH O N H H H C H C O N H H H

18. Enzymes Types of proteins Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins Sensitive to pH, temp –ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work glucose amylase 98.6°F

19. amylase Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins Sensitive to pH, temp –ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work glucose 102.5°F No chemical reaction

20. Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reacton and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins Sensitive to pH, temp –ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work Very specific in actions (lock & key model) –ex: Amylase: Breaks starch into simple sugars glucose amylase

21. Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins Sensitive to pH, temp –ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work Very specific in actions (lock & key model) –ex: Amylase: Breaks starch into simple sugars No chemical reaction fructose glucose fructose glucose

22. Enzymes Type of protein Catalyst: Lowers the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. –ex: Breaking down food –ex: Build other proteins Sensitive to pH, temp –ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work Very specific in actions (lock & key model) –ex: Amylase: Breaks starch into simple sugars Reusable glucose amylase glucose

23. Enzymes Maintain Homeostasis Ideal Human body temperature: ~98.6°F –Body can’t raise temperature to start reactions. Internal reactions would be too slow to sustain life without a catalyst Ex: Saliva –Breaks down starch 1,000,000x faster with amylase

24. Review Part I 1)What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? 2)How are proteins different from polypeptides? 3)How many different amino acids exist? 4)How does each amino acid differ? 5)The NH 2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. 6)Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?

25. Review Part II 7)What is another term for a catalyst? 8)What can cause an enzyme to stop functioning? 9)How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? 10)Explain the lock and key analogy as it relates to enzymes. 11)Why can’t the Human body raise its temperature to allow chemical reactions to happen quicker? 12)Circle the enzymes: Lactase, Glucose, Lipase, Maltase, Sucrose. How do you know they are enzymes?