1. MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

2. Definition Systems that encourage industrial harmony
It is for the regulation of relations between employers and workmen or employees and their trade union and the prevention and settlement of trade disputes.
Focus on 3 aspects:
Relation between employer and union
Employment law
Discipline procedures and terminating service contract

3. Importance of IR
One of the important aspects in human resource management
To create a harmonious relation between employer and employee
To ensure that employees receive fair and just treatment and avoid conflicts in organization

4. Industrial relations system in Malaysia
Made up of three parties/or the tripartite systems:
Employer
Employees (represented by union)
Government
Industrial Relations Act 1967 –use to regulate the relation between employer and employee

5. Industrial relations system in Malaysia
Code of Conduct for Industrial Harmony 1975 was introduced to maintain harmonious relation between employer and employee
There are 47 issues covered regarding employer and union responsibilities, collective bargaining, etc
Generally, IR in Malaysia is controlled by the government.

6. Definition of Trade Union
Section 2, under Trade Union Act- “Trade Union is any association or combination of workmen or employers...whose place of work is in West Malaysia, Sabah or Sarawak...”
a. Within any particular establishment, trade, occupations or industries; and
b. Whether temporary or permanent; and

7. …continued c. Having among its objects one or more of the following:
The regulation of relations between workmen and employers for the purposes of promoting good irs between workmen and employers, improving the working conditions or enhancing their economic and social status, or increasing productivity;
The regulation of relations between workmen and workmen, or between employers and employers;
The representation of either workmen or employers in trade dispute;
The conducting of....or dealing with trade union disputes and matters related thereto; or
The promotion, organization or financing of strikes or lockouts in any trade or industry or the provision of pay or other benefits for its members during a strike or lockout.

8. Trade Union (TU) TU Functions:
Protecting TU members through collective strength;
Economic controller – represent employees on issues such as salary and employment contract
Support and help employees, such as advise and counselling,benefit
Input provider to government on issues related to employees

9. Membership of TU
According to Industrial Relations Act (Section 5); workkers in Malaysia have the right to form and join TU –FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
In addition, The Act states that:
No employer shall prevent a worker from joining a union by putting a condition in his contract of employment;
No employer shall refuse to employ a worker on the grounds he is a TU member or officer;
No employer shall discriminate against a worker (for example in terms of promotion) on the grounds he is a TU member or officer; and
No worker shall be threatened with dismissal or dismissed if he proposes to join a TU, OR if he participates in union activities.

10. Joining a Union
All workers over the age of 16 yrs have the right to join an appropriate union- one which represents workers in their trade, occupation or industry (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah or Sarawak)
Union members under 18 yrs of age are restricted in their union activities (not entitled to vote on matters involving strike, dissolution of the union or ammendment of the rules in TU)
Union members under 21 years of age are not eligible to be elected as officers of the union.Pekerja berumur kurang 16 tahun
Specified group of workers are restricted from joining TU.
These are members of the police force, armed forces and prison service.

11. Why joining TU? Dissatisfaction with management Social Needs
Underpaid salary
Dangerous work environment
No job security/warranty
Less concerned about employee welfare
Social Needs
Platform to get to know other people
To benefited from facilities provided by union (e.g; onsite day care centre)

12. Why joining TU? Leadership opportunity Peers Influence
Opportunity to demonstrate leadership abilities
There are organizations that incorporate union leader’s position into their formal organizational structure (usually the lower level management)
Peers Influence
- Pressures from supervisor and co-workers to join TU

13. Types of TU in Malaysia Three types: Public Sector TU
Eg: National Union of the Teaching Profession; the Malayan Nurses Union;
Private Sector TU
Eg: National Union of Bank Employees (NUBE)
Employer Association
Known as association not union
Eg: The Malayan Agriculture Producer’s Association (MAPA)

14. Collective Bargaining(CB)
Bargaining process between employer and their employees regarding terms and conditions of service/employment
Union will represent employees in CB
Union needs to be registered in order to get recognition from employer before representing employees in CB
Four important issues usually bargained:
Wage/benefit
Work hours
Employment terms and conditions
Grievances

15. Collective Bargaining
Prerequisites to effective CB are that the union:
Be recognised by the employer;
Has adequate financial strength; and
Members are united.
The outcome of CB is known as collective agreement

16. Collective Bargaining Process
Ready to bargain
Develop the bargaining strategy
Implement bargaining process
Signing of collective agreement

17. Collective Bargaining Process
First step: Ready to bargain
Union needs to collect informations and facts to support argument during CB process
Example of information: employee performance record, overtime record
Union needs to clearly develop objective of the CB
Union needs to have knowledgeable and skillful bargaining team

18. Collective Bargaining Process
Step 2: Develop Bargaining Strategy
Union needs to understand its own power and the employer as well
Union needs to identify the correct and proper strategies to be used during bargaining
Strategy planning should be consistent with the information collected during the first step and also to take into consideration employer’s power
The final outcome of collective bargaining should be the “win-win” strategy

19. Collective Bargaining Process
Step 3: Implement the Bargaining Process
Both sided (union and employer) should be patient throughout the bargaining process
Bargaining team needs to be knowledgeable about employment law and industrial relations system in Malaysia
Union needs to present all the facts collected during the first step

20. Collective Bargaining Process
Step 4: Signing Collective Agreement
Involves the process of collection of recommendations to be included during signing the colective agreement
Collective agreement should be in written form (Industrial Relations Act, 1967)
The content of colective bargaining agreement should be stated clearly using the language that both parties can understand well

21. Grievance
An individual worker’s complaints towards employer is termed as “grievance”
Employee and its union have the right to make complaints if they are not satisfied with their employer
Factors that lead to grievance:
Employer denied employee’s right to be promoted
Employer does not appreciate outstanding achievement by employee
Employer exaggerate small mistake done by employee
Discriminate employee based on different religion, culture and race

22. Union receives complaints from individual employee
Steps in Grievance
Union receives complaints from individual employee
Union proposes complaints to employee’s immediate supervisor to settle the complaints
If the immediate supervisor fails to settle the complaints, union can propose the complaints to the top management in the organization

23. Grievance
For a trade dispute to exist, the employee concerned must be represented by their union to settle the grievance
Factors that enable union to represent employee in trade dispute:
Employee finds no other ways to settle grievance
There exist conflicting opinion between employer and union regarding terms and conditions of employment
The agreement results or the concerned laws are not implemented by employer
There exist conflicting opinions regarding terms in collective agreement or legal decision from Industrial Court

24. Grievance
Factors that hinder union to represent employee in trade dispute:
Individual worker has a complaint concerning alleged interference by an employer with his right to join or not to join a trade union
The worker may complain to the Director-General of Industrial Relations or refer to the industrial court
Individuals who believe that they have been dismissed without just cause or excuse
The worker may complain directly to Department of Industrial Relations

25. Industrial Action by Employees
The only forms of employee industrial action recognised by the labour laws are:
Picketing
Strike

26. Picketing The most common form of industrial action taken by employee
Done to comunicate issues to the public and to embarrass the employer
Prominent display of banners and placards with derogatory comments about their employer and management
The Industrial Relations Act (Section 40) allows workers to attend at, or near, their workplace during trade dispute for the purpose of peacefully giving info to the public and other workers
and to persuade other workers not to work if a strike has already been declared.
Only workers directly involved in the dispute can participate in the picket (although an officer or employee of the union can be present to ensure that the picketing is carried out according to the law)
Picketing must not intimidate anyone, and must be peaceful

27. Strike
Occurs when a group of workers refuse to work until their employer accepts their demands
Involves stopping of work by a group of employees including any attempt to limit or slow down production on purpose
2 types of strike:
Strike relating to collective bargaining
Strike that has no relation to collective bargaining

28. Strike Strike relating to collective bargaining
when employer is not willing to provide collective bargaining or no resolution during collective bargaining
Strike that has no relation to collective bargaining
Due to factors such as terms and conditions of employment, retrenchment, layoffs and promotion issues

29. Strike Strike Procedures:
Secret ballot must be held by those eligible to strike, clearly stating the issues leading to the proposed strike
The results of this ballot must be sent to the Director-General of Trade Union s by the union secretary within 14 days of taking the ballot
Strike can only take place if two third of those entitled to vote agree to the action
Strike can take place after waiting 7 days after the ballot results have been sent to the Director-General
Secret ballot is only valid for 90 days, and if strike has not taken place within this period, a new ballot will be required if the union intends to continue with the strike action

30. Employer Actions
Employer also has the right to engage in industrial action
The most common industrial action taken by employer is the lock-out
Employer refuses to allow the workers to work until the dispute between them is settled
Alternatively, the employer can take steps to fight a strike by keeping the firm operating ; either by placing managerial or non-union employees in the strikers’ job or by hiring replacement workers

31. Settlement of Trade Disputes
Direct Negotiation
Conciliation
Mediation
Arbitration

32. Settlement of Trade Disputes
Direct Negotiation
The ideal method for settling a dispute
Discussion between employer and the union until a satisfactory compromise is reached
Solutions arrived at by mutual decision between the two parties without the involvement of an outsider

33. Settlement of Trade Dispute
Conciliation
Arriving at a settlement of a trade dispute with the help of a third, neutral party
Is carried out by officers of the Department of Industrial Relations
Industrial Relations officer will meet the parties, either separately or jointly
Conciliation can be voluntarily requested by either of disputing parties or the Director-General of Industrial Relations may intervene “in the public interest”, requiring the parties to attend a conciliation meeting ( is known as compulsory conciliation)

34. Settlement of Trade Dispute
Mediation
Rare method of settling a trade dispute
Similar to conciliation in that a neutral third party is called in by the employer and the TU who are in the midst of a dispute to arrive to settlement
The mediator is not from the government , but a person considered unbiased and impartial and is respected and trusted by both parties
A politician or other local leader may intervene in a dispute

35. Settlement of Trade Dispute
Arbitration
When disputing employer and union cannot find a solution by themselves or with the help of the Department of Industrial Relations, arbitration may be the only way to settle the dispute
An impartial/neutral third party is given the authority to settle the dispute by examining information given by both sides and making a judgment
Only the Industrial Court has the power to arbitrate labour disputes
Industrial could award need to be followed by employer and union