1. Lighting and Acoustics Arch 353 Dr. Abdelrahman Elbakheit References اسس الانارة المعمارية, أستاذ الدكتور محمد عبد الفتاح عبيد.1 2. Architectural Lighting, M. David Egan and Victor Olgyay.

2. Artificial Lighting: -From Old times People used Fire from wood as a main source of Artificial light, -Then they used Oils of Plant or Animal origin about 5000 BC. -Then they used linen threads about 500 BC. -Then they used candles of different sorts. -Then they used Kerosene and Gas lambs In 1779 AD. -Then they used electric lambs, by Joseph swan and Edison in 1879 AD. - Then they used the Tantalum filament in 1905. - Then they used Tungsten filament 1908. -Then they used Discharge lambs, by Irving Longmuir in 1913. -Then Improvements we added to each.

3. Types of Electric Lambs: -Filament or incandescent Lambs. -Discharge or fluorescent Lambs.

4. Incandescent or Filament Lambs : There are many types, normally named according to their shapes as follows,

5. Sunlight change with latitudes:

6. Tungsten Lambs: -Consists of a bulb with a Tungsten filament in a vacuum or an inert gas ( Argon and Nitrogen). -The inert gas prevent the filament from burning and helps to reduce the high heat which reduces the efficacy of the lambs. -The presence of Nitrogen is mainly to prevent sparks or ignition. -Has wattage for 25W gives 225 Lumens 9Lumens for 1W -1500W gives about 27500 Lumens 20Lumen for 1W -Life expectancy of 1000 hours. - Visible light = 10% of waves emitted, 72% is invisible infra red rays, 18% wasted. Improvements: to increase efficacy and life time. -(Tungsten-Halogen Lambs): halogens combine with Tungsten Vapour in the bulb, they disintegrate when touching the high temperature of the filament. -(Quartz-Iodine Lambs): They are tungsten- halogen lambs but with added Iodine to prevent stains in the bulb. -They have high efficacy, have small sizes and durable. -Usually used in aviations, copying and printing machines, street lighting, stadiums, cars etc… -They are expensive.

7. Tungsten Lambs: Improvements: to increase efficacy and life time. (Infra-red Lambs): Have very low filament temperature = very low light level 7-9 Lumens only. -Most rays are infra-red therefore not visible. -Therefore it emits heat= used for Physiotherapy and medical treatments. Fluorescent or Discharge Lambs: -The most widely used in indoors and outdoors. -Has high efficacy and low brilliance. -28-46 Lumens for each 1W. -Ranges between 4-125W giving 135-8600 Lumens. -has many light spectrums: Warm, hot, cool and cold. Therefore used in many applications. From ignition or starting, fluorescent lambs have three main types: -Preheated Florescent lambs. -Rapid start,,,,. -Cold cathode Fluorescent Lambs. Pre-heated Lambs:

8. From ignition or starting, fluorescent lambs have three main types: -Preheated Florescent lambs. -Rapid start,,,,. -Cold cathode Fluorescent Lambs. Pre-heated Lambs: -Filled with Argon gas and some mercury, inner walls are painted in phosphor. -When preheated mercury becomes a vapour and connects electricity between the lamb poles making ULTRA- VIOLET rays. -ULTRA_VIOLET rays when hitting the Phosphorous cover generate the visible light spectrum.

9. From ignition or starting, fluorescent lambs have three main types: -Preheated Florescent lambs. -Rapid start,,,,. -Cold cathode Fluorescent Lambs. (neon Lambs) Pre-heated Lambs: -Filled with Argon gas and some mercury, inner walls are painted in phosphor. -When preheated mercury becomes a vapour and connects electricity between the lamb poles making ULTRA- VIOLET rays. -ULTRA_VIOLET rays when hitting the Phosphorous cover generate the visible light spectrum.

10. High Pressure Mercury Lambs: -High Efficacy of up to 100,000 Lumens -outdoors, Large Halls. -Normally in High level lighting out of eye level. -Inner tube of Quartz class filled with Argon and mercury. -When switched on sparks between the poles, Heats the mercury and emits Ultraviolet rays. -the outer tube is painted in fluoride paint That changes ultraviolet rays into visible white light. -more than 6000 Hours.

11. Low Pressure Sodium SOX Lambs: -150 Lumens for each Watt. -Yellow in Colour. - Used in roads, emergency areas and out of working hours lighting. High Pressure Sodium SON Lambs: -Same as mercury High Pressure, substituted the mercury with Sodium. -May take more time to heat up. -6000 working hours. -Used in and out doors. Metal Halide Lambs: -Same as mercury High Pressure, substituted the mercury with halide salts. -Can have different light spectrums. -Can produce up to 1000,000 Lumens. -Can have twice the efficacy of mercury lambs. -6000- 10000 working hours.