1. People with narrow minds fail to recognize that the definition of Impossible is 'lack of initiative and incentive' – Serena Butler People with narrow minds fail to recognize that the definition of Impossible is 'lack of initiative and incentive' – Serena Butler

2. 420 13Cr-0.15C 230ksi(ht treated) 440A 17Cr-0.5Ni-0.7C 260ksi(ht treated) 440C 17Cr-0.5Ni-1.2C 285ksi(ht treated) 405 13Cr-0.5Ni-0.08C 60ksi(annealed) 430 16Cr-0.5Ni-0.12C 65ksi(annealed) 304 19Cr-10Ni-0.08C 85ksi(annealed) 304L 19Cr-10Ni-0.03C 80ksi(annealed) 316 17Cr-12Ni-0.08C 85ksi(annealed) 420 13Cr-0.15C 230ksi(ht treated) 440A 17Cr-0.5Ni-0.7C 260ksi(ht treated) 440C 17Cr-0.5Ni-1.2C 285ksi(ht treated) 405 13Cr-0.5Ni-0.08C 60ksi(annealed) 430 16Cr-0.5Ni-0.12C 65ksi(annealed) 304 19Cr-10Ni-0.08C 85ksi(annealed) 304L 19Cr-10Ni-0.03C 80ksi(annealed) 316 17Cr-12Ni-0.08C 85ksi(annealed) Stainless steels

3. hardenable! not hardenable!

4. Stainless steels austenitic SSs ----- ≥ 18% Cr & ≥ 8% Ni not hardenable austenitic SSs ----- ≥ 18% Cr & ≥ 8% Ni not hardenable sufficient amt of Ni ––> AUS at rm temp

5. Types of steels Plain carbon steels alloy steels Low carbon steels high carbon steels Stainless steels Plain carbon steels alloy steels Low carbon steels high carbon steels Stainless steels Tool steels

6. Some types of tool steels W1, W2..... water hardening 0.60-1.40C S2, S2...... shock resisting 0.5C-Cr, W, Mo O1, O2..... oil hardening 0.9C-Mn, Ni, W A2, A3..... air hardening 1.25C-5Cr, V, Mo H10, H11..... hot work 0.4C-0.4V-3-5Cr T1, T2..... high-speed 0.8C-4Cr-18W-1-2V Compositions not exact - higher grades have different compositions W1, W2..... water hardening 0.60-1.40C S2, S2...... shock resisting 0.5C-Cr, W, Mo O1, O2..... oil hardening 0.9C-Mn, Ni, W A2, A3..... air hardening 1.25C-5Cr, V, Mo H10, H11..... hot work 0.4C-0.4V-3-5Cr T1, T2..... high-speed 0.8C-4Cr-18W-1-2V Compositions not exact - higher grades have different compositions

7. Speaking of tools….. What about "carbide" tools? Most are WC fragments imbedded in Co matrix angular WC fragments Co matrix phase - the "glue" Co matrix phase - the "glue"

8. Speaking of tools….. OK, then, what about "ceramic" tools? Most from Al 2 O 3 - pressed to near-net shape & sintered at 1600-1700° C - ground on diamond wheels At high temps, high hardness, wear resistance Can use for mat'ls w/ up to R C 66 At high temps, high hardness, wear resistance Can use for mat'ls w/ up to R C 66 Very brittle Cost ≈ 2X that of carbide tools Very brittle Cost ≈ 2X that of carbide tools

9. Cast irons Types White - C is all in CM Grey - C as graphite flakes Ductile (nodular) - C as graphite nodules Types White - C is all in CM Grey - C as graphite flakes Ductile (nodular) - C as graphite nodules

10. Cast irons

11. White - C is all in CM very brittle, wear resistant, not machinable, limited use White - C is all in CM very brittle, wear resistant, not machinable, limited use Grey - C as graphite ("corn") flakes Si added to graphitize, brittle cuz of flake stress raisers - cheap, widely used, vibration damping Grey - C as graphite ("corn") flakes Si added to graphitize, brittle cuz of flake stress raisers - cheap, widely used, vibration damping Ductile (nodular) - C as graphite nodules "inoculated" w/ Mg or Ce to get nodules - up to 40% EL Ductile (nodular) - C as graphite nodules "inoculated" w/ Mg or Ce to get nodules - up to 40% EL

12. Case hardening Gear tooth Carburizing - pack & gas - add C from CO gas

13. Assignment: Review today's classnotes a. stainless steels, types, heat treatability b. Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni phase diagrams c. tool steels d. carbide and ceramic tools e. powder metallurgy - press & sinter f. cast irons g. case hardening Read in text: pp. 339-345, 219-220, 531-532 see photos on pp. 91, 446 Assignment: Review today's classnotes a. stainless steels, types, heat treatability b. Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni phase diagrams c. tool steels d. carbide and ceramic tools e. powder metallurgy - press & sinter f. cast irons g. case hardening Read in text: pp. 339-345, 219-220, 531-532 see photos on pp. 91, 446