1. Brooke Bennardini, Nicholas Cumer, Benjamin Marasco, Hali Montgomery, and Sarah Patterson

2. Set up by Second Continental Congress Set up by Second Continental Congress Adopted in 1777 Adopted in 1777 Ratified in 1781 Ratified in 1781 For common problems For common problems Foreign affairs Foreign affairs “Articles of Confusion” “Articles of Confusion” Congress designed to be weak Congress designed to be weak No executive branch No executive branch Judicial branch to states Judicial branch to states Congress had no power to control commerce. Congress had no power to control commerce. One vote per state One vote per state Population not pending Population not pending Bills required nine states, amendments unanimous Bills required nine states, amendments unanimous

3. Weak taxation Weak taxation Could not collect taxes Could not collect taxes Could not protect itself Could not protect itself Landmark in government Landmark in government Held states together Held states together Outlined powers for Constitution Outlined powers for Constitution

4. Old Northwest Old Northwest Northwest of Ohio River Northwest of Ohio River East of Mississippi River East of Mississippi River South of Great Lakes South of Great Lakes Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 Old Northwest sold to pay of national debt Old Northwest sold to pay of national debt Townships- 6 sq. miles Townships- 6 sq. miles 36 sections- 1 sq. mile 36 sections- 1 sq. mile 16 th section-public school 16 th section-public school

5. Northwest Ordinance (1787) Northwest Ordinance (1787) Temporary protection, then permanent equality Temporary protection, then permanent equality 2 stages under federal government 2 stages under federal government 60,000 admitted as state 60,000 admitted as state Forbade slavery in Old Northwest Forbade slavery in Old Northwest

6. Navigation Laws kept in place Navigation Laws kept in place Lord Sheffield Lord Sheffield Commerce follows old trade routes Commerce follows old trade routes Britain held trading posts in U.S Britain held trading posts in U.S U.S felt restrictions should be placed upon Britain. U.S felt restrictions should be placed upon Britain. Spain opposed new republic Spain opposed new republic Mississippi river closed Mississippi river closed France demanded repayment France demanded repayment Restricted trade with West Indies Restricted trade with West Indies Harassed in Mediterranean Harassed in Mediterranean Pirates Pirates No British shield No British shield

7. Tension between States Tension between States Boundaries Boundaries Imposing of taxes Imposing of taxes Depreciated money value Depreciated money value Colonies had own money Colonies had own money

8. Western Massachusetts (1786) Western Massachusetts (1786) Backcountry Farmers Backcountry Farmers Lost farms-foreclosures, tax delinquencies Lost farms-foreclosures, tax delinquencies War veterans War veterans Led by Captain Daniel Shays Led by Captain Daniel Shays Demanded Demanded States issued paper money States issued paper money Lightened taxes Lightened taxes Suspend property takeover Suspend property takeover

9. MA authorities actions included MA authorities actions included Wealthy contributions Wealthy contributions Encounters at Springfield, MA Encounters at Springfield, MA 3 killed, 1 wounded 3 killed, 1 wounded Rebellion Collapsed Rebellion Collapsed

10. MA debter-relief laws MA debter-relief laws Like Shay’s demands Like Shay’s demands Jefferson’s quote “Democratic Despotism” Jefferson’s quote “Democratic Despotism” Uncontrolled Republicanism Uncontrolled Republicanism A stronger, central government required A stronger, central government required Many urged amendments Many urged amendments

11. VA issued convention at Annapolis, MD (1786) VA issued convention at Annapolis, MD (1786) Congress called for revision of the A.O.C. Congress called for revision of the A.O.C. Based on control of commerce Based on control of commerce Poor turnout Poor turnout Philadelphia Convention Philadelphia Convention All states chose reps except Rl All states chose reps except Rl 55 delegates in Philadelphia (May 25, 1787) 55 delegates in Philadelphia (May 25, 1787) Demigods- participants of convention Demigods- participants of convention George Washington George Washington Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin James Madison “Father of Constitution” James Madison “Father of Constitution”

12. Upper-class Upper-class Determined to Determined to Preserve union Preserve union Stall anarchy Stall anarchy Ensure security of life and property Ensure security of life and property Curb uncontrolled democracy Curb uncontrolled democracy Fueled by Fear Fueled by Fear

13. Virginia Plan Virginia Plan Representation based on population Representation based on population Two house system Two house system New Jersey Plan New Jersey Plan Equal representation Equal representation One house system One house system Great Compromise Great Compromise States have two senators States have two senators House of Representatives by population House of Representatives by population Tax bills started in the House Tax bills started in the House Common Law Common Law Specific detail unnecessary Specific detail unnecessary

14. President President Inspired by Shay’s Rebellion Inspired by Shay’s Rebellion Power to Power to Wage war, but Congress to declare it Wage war, but Congress to declare it Appoint domestic offices Appoint domestic offices President elected indirectly President elected indirectly Electoral college Electoral college Three-Fifths Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise slaves counted as 3/5 a person. slaves counted as 3/5 a person.

15. Members saw eye-to-eye economically Members saw eye-to-eye economically Protection of property Protection of property Socially Socially Rule by “democratic babblers” to be feared Rule by “democratic babblers” to be feared Politically Politically Checks and balances Checks and balances Judiciary- Federal judges appointed for life Judiciary- Federal judges appointed for life Executive- president elected by electoral college Executive- president elected by electoral college Senators by state legislature Senators by state legislature House of Reps. directly by vote House of Reps. directly by vote Two principles of Republicanism Two principles of Republicanism True government based on consent of governed True government based on consent of governed People’s virtue guarantor of liberty, justice, order People’s virtue guarantor of liberty, justice, order

16. Nine state ratification Nine state ratification Antifederalists- small government Antifederalists- small government Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee Poorer classes Poorer classes Federalists- larger government Federalists- larger government George Washington, Benjamin Franklin George Washington, Benjamin Franklin Wealthier, more educated, better organized Wealthier, more educated, better organized

17. Republicans Republicans Small government Small government Free trade Free trade Private sector Private sector Not Micromanagement Not Micromanagement Local governments Local governments Democrats Democrats Large government Large government Restricted trade Restricted trade Micromanagement Micromanagement Healthcare, food stamps, welfare Healthcare, food stamps, welfare

18. If Constitution failed in MA If Constitution failed in MA It would fail elsewhere It would fail elsewhere No Bill of Rights No Bill of Rights To be set by first Congress To be set by first Congress VA, NY, NC, and RI did not ratify initially VA, NY, NC, and RI did not ratify initially Could not exist Could not exist Ratified Constitution Ratified Constitution

19. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) SWPA pioneers effected by tax SWPA pioneers effected by tax Rebelled Rebelled Washington summed state militias Washington summed state militias Would states help one another? Would states help one another? 13,000 rose to occasion 13,000 rose to occasion Proved power of new government by actions Proved power of new government by actions

20. Articles of Conferation Weak Congress, no executive branch Weak Congress, no executive branch No power to collect taxes No power to collect taxes individual state taxes individual state taxes Competitive trade Competitive trade No power to act directly to individuals No power to act directly to individuals Limited Federal courts Limited Federal courts Executive branch Executive branch Could collect tax Could collect tax Leveled trading field Leveled trading field Enforce laws by coercion Enforce laws by coercion Federal Courts Federal Courts Federal Constitution