2. OSMOSIS Photos taken from: Standard Grade Biology(third edition), James Torrance, Hodder & Stoughton, 2001. Intermediate 2 Biology, James Torrance et.al., Hodder & Stoughton, 1999.

3. PRACTICAL Osmosis in potato Use a cork borer to get 10 cores of potato. Place them on a tile and, using a sharp knife, trim them all to the same length. Make sure they are cut at right angles to make them easy to measure. The longer the cores, the better your result will be. Pour different concentrations of sugar solutions into five Petri dishes and label the dishes 1–5, as shown in your results table. Measure two cores, record their lengths and put them in one dish. Repeat this with the other four dishes. Put covers over the dishes and leave for at least 1 hour. Measure the lengths of the cores again and record the results. You will need: a large potato cork borer sharp knife tile five Petri dishes with labels five different concentrations of sugar solution ruler Health and safety! Take care with the sharp knife.

4. OBJECTIVES Key Objective Describe the process of osmosis State that osmosis is a type of diffusion (C/D) Describe osmosis as the movement of water across a partially- permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (i.e. dilute solution) to an area of low water concentration (i.e. concentrated solution) (C/D) Explain that osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially-permeable membrane and is a consequence of the random movement of individual particles (B- A*)

5. When smelling body spray where is the smell strongest and where is the smell weakest? Smell is strongest at source. Diffusion means the smell spreads out and gets weaker further away from the source. How does the concentration of smell molecules change during diffusion? Smell molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is called a concentration gradient.

9. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. Diffusion involves gas or dissolved molecules, but osmosis only involves the movement of water molecules. What is osmosis? Osmosis occurs across a semipermeable membrane which has tiny holes in it. These holes are small enough for water molecules to pass water molecule through but larger molecules cannot pass through.

10. Osmosis: The net movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration (HWC) to an area of low water concentration (LWC) through a selectively permeable membrane.

11. A bag made from a semipermeable membrane is tied to a glass tube and filled with a strong sugar solution. What happens to the water molecules in the weak solution? What happens to the liquid inside the semipermeable bag? This bag is placed in a weak sugar solution. strong sugar solution weak sugar solution

12. strong sugar solution weak sugar solution Water molecules diffuse across the membrane from the weak sugar solution into the strong sugar solution. This continues until the concentration is the same on both The volume of liquid in the semipermeable bag increases. The liquid rises up the glass tube and then stops. Why does this happen? sides of the membrane.

13. Osmosis animation 1

14. Osmosis animation 2

15. Osmosis: The net movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration (HWC) to an area of low water concentration (LWC) through a selectively permeable membrane.

16. Water Movement by Osmosis

17. Osmosis in Eggs

18. The Effect of Two Sugar Solutions on Beetroot Cells

19. Molecular Model of Osmosis

20. Hypotonic (HWC) - a region of higher water concentration. Hypertonic (LWC) - a region of lower water concentration. Isotonic - a region where there are equal water concentrations on either side of a membrane. Some Important Terms

21. Osmosis in Red Blood Cells Shrunken RBC Normal RBC

22. Osmosis in Plant Cells Normal Red Onion Cells Plasmolysed Red Onion Cells

23. Important Terms Turgid - the term used to describe a plant cell whose contents have shrunk due to loss of water by osmosis. Plasmolysed - the term used to describe a plant cell whose contents have shrunk due to loss of water by osmosis.