1. W HAT IS PSYCHOLOGY ?

2. TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS

3. Survey Method - Researchers directly question subjects using a survey to test the hypothesis Observational Method - Researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups to test the hypothesis Experimental Method - Researchers conduct controlled laboratory experiments to test the hypothesis

4. SURVEY METHOD

5. Stuff to know about the Survey Method The method… 1. Researchers develop a questionnaire designed to test the hypothesis 2. Researchers decide on a target population 3. Researcher select an appropriate sample of that populationAdvantages? 1. Easy to conduct 2. Easy to analyze Disadvantages? 1. Untruthful answers 2. Biased answers

6. M ETHODS OF OBSERVATION

7. Case-Studies - Researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups. - Can be either in laboratories or in natural environment Bobo Doll ExperimentBobo Doll Experiment - Method used by Freud & Piaget - Advantages? Disadvantages? Longitudinal Studies - A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time. - The Case of Genie Wiley The Case of Genie Wiley - Advantages? Disadvantages? -

8. M ETHODS OF O BSERVATION Cross-Sectional Studies - Researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time - Advantages? Disadvantages?

9. GOALS OF OF OBSERVATION Correlations & Expectations - The goal of the observation method is to measure correlation - Correlation is the measure of the relationship between two variables - This relationship could be positive or negative - Advantages? Disadvantages? - Correlation does not mean control…..

10. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

11. Experimental - Method researchers used to answer questions about cause and effect

12. E XPERIMENTAL METHOD Variables - Factors that can vary, or change Independent Variables - Factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable Dependent Variables - The factor that is being measured and may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

13. I DENTIFY THE VARIABLES … Mr. C is testing a hypothesis that warm temperatures cause aggression in humans. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?

14. E XPERIMENTAL METHOD Experimental and Control Groups - Experimental Group—receive the treatment - Control Group—do not receive the treatment

15. I DENTIFY THE GROUPS Mr. C is conducting an experiment to test his hypothesis that students’ grades increase when they are involved in extracurricular activities. What would be the control group? What would be the experimental group?

16. E XPERIMENTAL METHOD Placebo “Effect” - Placebo—a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it - Placebo Effect—”feeling better” because we expect to feel better - Best way to control for the placebo effect in an experiment is to include a placebo in an experiment

17. P LACEBO EFFECT A participant in an experiment is told that a particular pill should improve her performance on a cognitive task. The participant is then given the pill, and she performs better than usual on the task. In actuality, the pill did not contain any ingredients that would affect her performance on the task.

18. E XPERIMENTAL METHOD Single-Blind Studies - Participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group Double-Blind Studies - A study in which both participants and experimenters are unaware of who receives treatment