1. A main challenge in the “rainfed project”: Getting high quality biophysical data from farmer’s trials is difficult –Difficult to control for variation –“accidents” happen (cows eat the experiment) Getting high quality information about farmer’s preferences from researcher- managed trials is just as difficult –Information from farmer evaluation of experiments they have not managed is of limited value How can we overcome this problem??????

2. Option 1: Assuming agreement with farmers on what we will study…… Complete Mother-Baby trial Researcher trial on farm with farmers testing one full replicate Each farmer replicate is treated as a block

3. Option 1: B1B1 T2T2 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 RB2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 T2T2 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5 F1F1 B1B1 T2T2 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 F2F2 B2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 F3F3 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 T2T2 F4F4 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5 ANOVA

4. Mother–Baby Trials Concept developed in Malawi by ICRISAT Forthcoming paper (to be published in Oct. 2002) : Snapp, S.S., G. Kanyama-Phiri, B. Kamanga, R. Gilbert and K. Wellard. 2002. Farmer and researcher partnerships in Malawi: developing soil fertility technologies for the near-term and far- term. Experimental Agriculture. Snapp, S.S.

5. Analysis of Mother-Baby Trials Analyse mother and baby trial data separately, using ANOVA –Each farmer trial (baby trial) may be treated as a block –Mother trials can each be analysed separately or if multiple mother trials are conducted they can be pooled, for 2-way ANOVA (location X treatment) Analyse using Adaptability Analysis –To analyse Mother and Baby trial data together regress performance against the average performance at each site as an environmental index Hildebrand, P.E. & Russell, J.T. (1996). Adaptability Analysis: A method for the design, analysis and interpretation of on-farm research and extension. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.189 pp.

6. Option 2: Baby trial  Farmers testing one full replicate  Each replicate treated as a block ANOVA

7. Option 2: F1F1 B1B1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T1T1 T4T4 F2F2 B2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 F3F3 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T2T2 T5T5 F4F4 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5 ANOVA

8. Option 3: Incomplete Mother-Baby trial  On farm researcher trial plus farmers testing incomplete replicate Each replicate treated as a block Statistical support

9. Option 3: F1F1 B1B1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T1T1 T4T4 F2F2 B2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 F3F3 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T2T2 T5T5 F4F4 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5 ANOVA F5F5 B5B5 T4T4 T3T3 T2T2 T2T2 T5T5 F6F6 B6B6 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T1T1 T4T4 B1B1 T2T2 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 RB2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 T2T2 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5

10. Option 4: Sequential trial  Informal farmer experimentation first followed by: Researcher trial Researcher trial with farmer replicates  Works well if technologies are completely new concepts for farmers

11. Option 4: Informal farmer trials THEN Complete M-B, Baby or Incomplete M-B, depending on outcome of informal farmer trials

12. Option 5: Researcher Demo trial  Researcher trial on farm, with farmers visiting to give feedback  Useful for screening large numbers of options, eg. plant varieties

13. Option 5: B1B1 T2T2 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 RB2B2 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T5T5 T4T4 B3B3 T4T4 T3T3 T1T1 T5T5 T2T2 B4B4 T3T3 T1T1 T4T4 T2T2 T5T5 ANOVA

14. How do these compare? AdvantagesDisadvantages Complete M-BGood biophysical data Good farmer feedback Low risk High labour BabyGood farmer feedback Low labour High risk Incomplete M-BGood biophysical data Good farmer feedback Medium risk Medium labour SequentialGood biophysical data Good farmer feedback Low risk High labour Takes longer Researcher demo Good biophysical Low risk High labour Poor farmer feedback

15. Formal Participatory Research Traditional Research

16. Statistical Analysis of Preference Data Table 1. Logistic regression matrix applied to problems ranked via participatory diagnosis in Yoro and Lempira, Honduras. Excel-based software for preference analysis –Example from study on extrapolation of results from participatory researchExample

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