1. Airborne vs. bone conduction

2. Conduction hearing loss

3. Sensorineural hearing loss

4. The three parts of the ear

5. Sound frequency ≈ pitch

6. Sound amplitude ≈ loudness

7. Phase

8. Middle ear ossicles

9. Amplification due to surface area ~16 times

10. Amplification due to lever action Total amplification =(sa reduction)*(lever) Total amplification =16*1.3 times

11. Middle ear muscles reduce pressure tensor tympani: lower amplitude, higher f stapedius: lower amplitude

12. The simplified (unrolled) cochlea

13. Cochlear tonotopy

14. Pressure waves and the cochlear duct

15. Organ of Corti

16. Outer and inner hair cells

17. Outer hair cells move

18. OHCs are the cochlear amplifier

19. Hair cell and afferent neuron responses to sound

20. Hearing depends on extensive central processing

21. Speech production