1. The Challenge of the Cities Ch.8, Section 3

2. WARM UP 11/1/10 Define the following; steerage quarantine subsidies

3. Expanding Cities Why did the nation’s urban centers grow so rapidly? –Foreign immigrants settled in port cities –1880 – 1920: 11 million American farmers left their farms and moved to the city

4. Expanding Cities Why? –Economic hardships on their farms –less need for labor – factory-made products and new farming equipment –boll weevil destroyed many cotton crops in Alabama and Mississippi

5. How Cities Grew Motorized methods –Elevated trains (1868, New York City) –Cable cars (1873, San Francisco) –Electric trolleys (1888, Richmond) –Subway trains (1897, Boston) –Automobile (1890’s; mass- produced in 1910’s)

6. Chicago’s Home Insurance Company Building Buildings –Elevators (1857) –Skyscrapers

8. Urban Living Conditions Tenements: high volume, low-cost apartment buildings –Create slums: poverty- stricken, overcrowded, neglected neighborhoods

9. Urban Living Conditions Problems: –Open sewers = spread disease easily –no ventilation = fires Reforms: –1879: New York required an outside window in every room –Dumbbell Tenement: Apartment buildings shaped like a dumbbell Problems: rotting garbage collected at the bottom of the shaft; contaminated drinking water; poor sanitation

12. Sewage dumped into same water that provided drinking water

13. How the Other Half Lives How the Other Half Lives, published by Jacob Riis Effort to generate public support for reform of the tenement system Used new technology to pull supporters in – flash photography Result: New York State passed the nation’s first meaningful laws to improve tenements

15. Results of City Growth Middle and upper classes moved to the suburbs in the late 1800’s Result: Gap between rich and poor widened

16. Political Divisions Cities are overwhelmed Pressure coming from rapid amount of urban growth Political Machines take over

17. Political Divisions An unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power Headed by a “boss” Worked through the exchange of favors Hand out jobs/contracts – In return, residents give them votes

18. Political Machines Graft: use of one’s job to gain profit –Ex: companies wanting a favor from the city could get it by paying money to the machine People blamed immigrants for political machine’s success –Corrupt politicians took advantage of poorly educated immigrants –Immigrants supported them b/c they helped them find jobs and a place to live

19. Political Machines “Boss” Tweed –Controlled Tammany Hall – Political club that ran the NY Democratic Party –Ripped off city government City Hall: designed to cost $250,000, it cost $13 million

20. Thomas Nast exposes him in numerous political cartoons

21. Warm-Ups During the latter part of the 19 th century, Americans known as nativists began to resent the foreign immigrants who were flooding the country. Some nativists even formed ant-foreigner organizations such as the American Protective Association (APA). Why do you think these nativists resented foreigners?

22. Ideas of Reform Ch.8, Section 4

23. Helping the Needy Want to fight poverty & improve unwholesome social conditions in cities Social Gospel Movement: sought to apply the gospel of Jesus directly to society –Supported providing improved living conditions

24. The Settlement Movement Settlement House: kind of community center, offered social services –Hull House: opened by Jane Addams –Offered education, culture, and hope to slums

25. Controlling Immigration & Behavior Nativism: favoring native- born Americans over immigrants –American Protective Association called for teaching of only American culture & English language

27. Prohibition Temperance Movement: organized to eliminate alcohol consumption –Prohibition Party, Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, and the Anti- Saloon League –Opposed drinking b/c it led to personal tragedies - Blue laws Prohibition: ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

28. Purity Crusaders Vice: immoral or corrupt behavior Comstock Law: prohibited sending any obscene materials through the mail –Ex: descriptions of methods to prevent unwanted pregnancy