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Review of Recent Heavy-Ion Results from RHIC Lokesh Kumar Outline: Triggering Discoveries in High Energy Physics September 9-14, 2013, University of Jammu,

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Presentation on theme: "Review of Recent Heavy-Ion Results from RHIC Lokesh Kumar Outline: Triggering Discoveries in High Energy Physics September 9-14, 2013, University of Jammu,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Review of Recent Heavy-Ion Results from RHIC Lokesh Kumar Outline: Triggering Discoveries in High Energy Physics September 9-14, 2013, University of Jammu, Jammu Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 20131 National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar  Motivation  QGP properties  Beam energy scan: QCD phase diagram  Summary

2 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 RHIC Heavy-ion Program 22 Main goals: QCD Phase Diagram: STAR: Nucl. Phys. A 757, 102 (2005) http://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/starnotes/public/sn0493http://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/starnotes/public/sn0493: arXiv:1007.2613 1. Study QGP and its properties: - Detailed studies for temperature, viscosity, and energy density 2. Study QCD phase diagram: - Search for the signals of possible phase boundary - 1 st order phase transition - Search for the possible QCD Critical Point Beam Energy Scan

3 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 (A) QGP study and properties 33  Temperature  Energy density  Viscosity Characterize QGP by measuring it’s properties such as:

4 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 (I) Initial Temperature 44 Direct Photons: i) Initial hard scattering -- dominant at high p T -- information on PDFs, QCD, etc. ii) Thermal radiation -- dominant at low p T -- information on initial temperature of QGP T initial > T C (Lattice) [~ 170 MeV] NLO pQCD calculations Enhancement of direct photon yields in Au+Au w.r.t. p+p collisions Low p T : ~ 3.5 - 7 X 10 12 o Kelvin PHENIX : PRL,104,132301 (2010)

5 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 (II) Suppression of high p T hadron production 55 No. of binary collisions Jet Quenching: Suppression in production of high-p T particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions compared to corresponding data from binary collision scaled p+p collisions Measure: Jet: Behavior in pp and heavy-ion collisions: pp collisions: Unaffected Heavy-ions: Suppressed (if QGP) hadrons leading particle a b d c A localized collection of hadrons which come from a fragmenting parton Nucelar Modification Factor (R AA /R CP ) R AA /R CP 1  No QGP High p T :

6 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 201366  Large suppression of high p T meson production in central Au+Au collisions  No suppression in d+Au experiment  Similar suppression in  and  : suppression is at partonic level  No suppression for direct photons: final state effect  Models assumption:  initial ~ 5-15 GeV/fm 3 B. Mohanty, New J.Phys.13, 065031 (2011) STAR: PRL 97, 152301 (2006); PLB 655, 104 (2007); PLB 637, 161 (2006). PHENIX: PRC 83,024909 (2011); PRC 82, 011902 (R) (2010); PRL 101, 232301 (2008); PRL 96, 202301 (2006). Similar conclusion at LHC (II) Suppression of high p T hadron production  initial >  c (Lattice ~1 GeV/fm 3 )

7 Lokesh Kumar (III) Azimuthal Anisotropy 77 initial spatial anisotropy anisotropy in momentum space pypy pxpx x y z Elliptic flow Directed flow

8 Lokesh Kumar (III) Elliptic Flow: 8 quarks mesons baryons n q = 2 for mesons, n q = 3 for baryons  Elliptic flow scaled by number of constituent quarks (NCQ) follow a common curve for different particles – NCQ scaling  Flow develops at the partonic level (indication of QGP formation) Au+Au 200 GeV PHENIX: PRL 98, 162301 (2007) STAR: PRL 95, 122301 (2005)

9 Lokesh Kumar (III) Elliptic Flow: 9 Shear viscosity to entropy density (  /s): RHIC 1/4  – (10*1/4  LHC 1/4  – (4*1/4  Similar  /s at RHIC and LHC Roy et al., PRC 86, 014902 (2012) A. Tang, NPA 830, 673C (2009) Roy et al., JPG: NPP 40, 065103 (2013)

10 Lokesh Kumar QGP Properties: Conclusions 10 RHIC has established the formation of QGP: hot and dense Some of the properties: PropertyValueRemark Initial Temperature:~ (300-600) MeVQGP phase transition value: ~170 MeV Initial energy density:~ (5-15) GeV/fm 3 QGP phase transition value: ~ 1 GeV/fm 3 Shear viscosity to entropy density ratio (  /s): Close to KSS limit of 1/4  Similar  /s value observed at LHC

11 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 (B) Beam Energy Scan 11 i) Search for the signals of possible phase boundary ii) First order phase transition/ softening of equation of state ii) Search for the possible QCD Critical Point Year√s NN (GeV)Events(10 6 ) 201039130 20112770 201119.636 201011.512 20107.75 2012*5Test Run BES-I Data (STAR): USA-NSAC 2007, Long-range plan

12 crossover Lokesh Kumar (I) Accessing Phase Diagram 12 T-  B : From p T spectra and ratios 12

13 Lokesh Kumar Freeze-out Parameters Centrality dependence of freeze-out temperature with baryon chemical potential observed for first time at lower energies Particles used: , K, p, , K 0 s,  13  =1/T; -1 (+1) for fermion(boson) Z=partition function; m i = mass of hadron species i; V = volume; T = Temperature; K 2 = 2 nd order Bessel function; g i = degeneracy;  i = chemical potential Statistical-Thermal Model (THERMUS): Two main parameters: T ch and  B

14 Lokesh Kumar (II) Turn-OFF of QGP Signals/Softening of Equation of State/1 st Order Phase Transition  Net-proton Directed Flow (1 st -order phase transition)  Elliptic Flow (Turn-off of QGP signatures)  Charge Separation w.r.t. Reaction Plane (Turn-off of QGP)  Nuclear Modification Factor (Turn-off of QGP signatures) 14

15 Lokesh Kumar Directed Flow: Pion v 1 slope: Always negative (7.7-39 GeV) (Net)-proton v 1 slope: changes sign between 7.7 and 11.5 GeV (shows a minimum at ~ 19.6 GeV) 15 “collapse” of proton v 1 in 3-fluid hydro with 1 st - order phase transition H. Stoecker, NP A750, 121 (2005). F p = r F anti-p + (1 – r) F net-p, r is the observed ratio of antiprotons to protons.

16 Lokesh Kumar Elliptic Flow:  Difference in baryon-antibaryon v 2 increases with decreasing √s NN : -- J. Dunlop et al., PRC 84, 044914 (2011) -- J. Xu et al., PRC 85, 041901 (2012) 16  For anti-particles: Baryons and mesons show no splitting at 11.5 GeV   -meson v 2 deviates (~2  ) from others for √s NN ≤ 11.5 GeV: less collectivity contribution from partonic interactions baryon transport / hadronic interactions STAR: PRL 110, 0142301 (2013)

17 Lokesh Kumar Dynamical Charge Correlations 17  De-confined state (QGP): parity may be locally-violated  Strong magnetic field, may lead to separation of charges along the angular momentum vector  Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) Charge separation w.r.t reaction plane

18 STAR Preliminary Lokesh Kumar Dynamical Charge Correlations Splitting between same and opposite-sign charges: Decreases with decreasing √s NN and disappears below √s NN =11.5 GeV 18

19 Lokesh Kumar R cp Measurements  R CP (K 0 s ) ≤ 1 at √s NN ≥ 19.6 GeV  R CP > 1 for √s NN ≤ 11.5 GeV For p T > 2 GeV/c: 19

20 Lokesh Kumar What we learnt? 20 ObservableFeatureRemarks Directed flow slope (protons, net- protons) - Change sign from positive to negative (b/w: 11.5 – 7.7 GeV) - hint of minimum around 19.6 GeV Could be related to 1 st order phase transition signal; need more studies Elliptic Flow- No baryon-meson splitting for √s NN ≤ 11. 5 GeV for anti particles at intermediate p T  -meson deviates from trend of other particles for √s NN ≤ 11. 5 GeV Turn-off of QGP Higher statistics for  - meson needed Dynamical charge correlations - Difference between same-sign and opposite sign charges disappear for √s NN ≤ 11. 5 GeV QGP observable at top RHIC energy if could be related to LPV R CP measurements- R CP > 1 for √s NN ≤ 11. 5 GeVTurn-off of QGP Hadronic interactions dominate at √s NN ≤ 11. 5 GeV

21 Lokesh Kumar (III) Search QCD Critical Point √s observable Enhanced fluctuations near critical point: Non-monotonic behavior T. Andrews. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., 159:575, 1869 CO 2 near liquid-gas transition 21 Conserved number fluctuations - Higher moments of net-protons, net-charge,..

22 Lokesh Kumar Higher Moments: Net-protons         S  ~       22 Experimental measurements can be related to lattice QCD observables for critical point search Typical net-proton distribution:Various moments: Sigma: Skewness: Kurtosis: Correlation length:       Products of moments related to baryon number susceptibility: (Volume effect is cancelled) STAR: PRL105, 022302 (2010) M. Stephanov, PRL 107, 052301 (2011) M. Stephanov, PRL 102, 032301 (2009) R. Gavai et al. PLB 696, 459 (2011) R. Cheng et al. PRD 79, 074505 (2009)

23 Lokesh Kumar Higher Moments: Net-protons  Poisson may act as a baseline => No critical point  Deviation from Poisson => Possible critical point Other baselines: (N)BD, random sampling between p and pbar         S  ~       23  Hints of deviation from Poisson  Need higher statistics at low energies Similar conclusions for net-charge results Data: efficiency uncorrected

24 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Summary : RHIC Heavy-ion Program 206585112 0 420 2.5 57.719.639 775 √s NN (GeV)  B (MeV) QGP properties BES phase-I Test Run Fixed Target BES phase-II Large range of  B in phase diagram !!! BES Program: Explore QCD phase diagram 24 PropertyValue T init ~ (300-600) MeV  in ~ 5-15 GeV/fm 3  /s ~ KSS limit of 1/4  QGP properties: BES program: - BES-II: Higher statistics at √s NN < 20 GeV - Hadronic interactions dominate at √s NN ≤ 11.5 GeV - Fixed Target: Higher  B

25 Thank You Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 201325

26 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Back up 26

27 Lokesh Kumar BES Phase-II proposal  Electron cooling will provide increased luminosity ~ 10 times Proposal BES-II (Year ~ ≥ 2017): A.Fedotov, W. Fischer, C-AD/BNL √s NN (GeV)μ B (MeV) Requested Events(10 6 ) Au+Au 19.6206150 Au+Au 15256150 Au+Au 11.531650 Au+Au 7.742070 U+U: ~20~200100 1% Au target - Gold (Au) target inside the STAR beam pipe (~2m away from center) - Data taking will be done concurrently with collider mode : No disturbance to normal RHIC running Fixed Target Proposal: 27 cooling No cooling iTPC Upgrade: - Improved acceptance: higher  (|  |< 1.7) and low p T (~ 100 MeV/c) reach - Improved dE/dx and efficiency

28 Outlook – Fixed Target 4.0 cm diameter Be Beam Pipe Al Beam Pipe To f BBC-WestBBC-East STAR Fixed-Target Run14 Set-up  = 1.0  =1.5 Mid-rapidity for 4.5 GeV  = 2.0  = 0.5  = 0 Collider mode Energies (GeV) 57.711.5 15 19.6 Fixed Target √s NN (GeV) 2.53.03.5 4.04.5 Fixed Target  B (MeV) 775720670 625585 Fixed Target y CM 0.821.051.25 1.391.52 Place fixed target here (z ~ 2.0 m) Fixed-Target Trigger: BBC-East Not-BBC-West TOFmult >70 top 30% centrality Au+Au 10 6 Au+Al rejection Yell ow Bea m VPD-East Gold Segment 30 mil thick Beam pipe and Target Schemati c Energies for Run14 This Slide just defines the geometry and indicates where the target would be located FGT will not be installed for run 14

29 We have now put forward a BES-II proposal to focus on the most interesting region Electron cooling is key to the feasibility of this proposal eCooling will take a few years Expect BES-II in 2017-2019 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Fixed Target Set-up 29 √S NN ( GeV )62.4392719.61511.57.75.04.53.53.0  B (MeV)* 70115155205250315420585620670720 BES I (MEvts)671307036---11.74.3 Rate(MEvts/day)20 93.61.61.10.5 BES II (MEvts) --- 400100120805555 eCooling--- 864.53 Beam (weeks)--- 21.53.57.5 Fixed Target Collisions BES-II * J. Cleymans, H. Oeschler, K. Redlich, S. Wheaton, PR C73, 034905 (2006). SRF Cavity

30 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 201330 Timeline: STAR

31 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Chemical Freeze-out 31

32 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Elliptic Flow Rate of increase of v 2 is slow from 7.7-39 GeV 32

33 Lokesh Kumar, Jammu, Sep. 2013 Baryon-Meson Ratio 33 STAR Preliminary

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