1. Nervous System( 신경계 ) 신경외과 장 경 술

2. Major Subdivisions: Central Nervous System( 중추신경계 ): CNS The brain( 뇌 ) The spinal cord.( 척수 ) Autonomic Nervous System: ( 자율신경계 ) :ANS S ympathetic nervous system( 교감신경 ) Parasympathetic nervous system ( 부교감신경 ) The Nervous System

3. Divisions of the Nervous System

4. Nervous Tissue( 신경조직 ) Neurons( 신경세포 ) - transmit impulses –sensory (afferent, ascending) –motor (efferent, descending) Neuroglia( 신경아교세포 ) - support neurons

5. Neuron Dendrites( 가지돌기 )- rootlike structures that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body cell body( 세포체 ) - contains nucleus Axon( 축삭 )-extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

6. Neuron Anatomy Myelin sheath( 말이집 )- –insulation –accelerates impulse transmission –appears as white covering myelin on axons in brain and spinal cord gives white appearance unmyelinated fibers, dendrites, and nerve cell bodies comprise gray matter of brain and spinal cord

7. Neuron Anatomy (peripheral nerves) Schwann cell –type of neuroglial cell wrapped around axon –forms the myelin sheath Neurolemma (neurolemmal sheath) –permits a damaged axon to regenerate –neurolemma NOT found in Central nerves

8. Neuroglia( 신경아교세포 ) gli/o or nerve glue neuroglia or glial cells Astrocytes( 별아교세포 ) - blood brain barrier Oligodendrocytes( 희소 돌기아교세포 ) - facilitate myelin development Microglia( 미세아교세포 ) - phagocytic properties Ependyma( 뇌실막세포 ) - assist in CSF circulation

9. Neuroanatomy The Study of Nervous System –Two Levels General Structure( 일반구조 ) Function of Structure( 기능적 구조 )

10. 뇌 (brain) 대뇌 (cerebrum) 중뇌 (midbrain) 뇌교 (pons) 연수 (medulla) 소뇌 (cerebellum)

11. Surface Gyrus( 회, 이랑 ) –A convolution Sulcus( 구, 고랑 ) –A small in-folding (small groove) Fissure( 틈새, 열구 ) –A large in-folding ( a large groove) Two-thirds of the cortex is hidden in the grooves

12. Major Structures of the Cortex The lobes are distinguished both structurally and functionally 4 Lobes –Frontal Lobe( 전두엽 ) –Parietal Lobe( 두정엽 ) –Occipital Lobe( 후두엽 ) –Temporal Lobe( 측두엽 ) Major Fissures –Central Sulcus –Longitudinal Fissure –Sylvian Fissure Sylvian Fissure Longitudinal Fissure

13. Cortical Function Frontal Lobe –Higher thought processing; decision making; abstract thinking –Primary “precentral” motor area Parietal Lobe –Primary “postcentral” somatosensory area: sensation of muscles, organs, and skin

14. Cortical Function Occipital Lobe –Visual processing Temporal Lobe –Auditory & equilibrium processing –Left temporal lobe involved in speech and comprehension of language

15. 뇌실질 (brain parenchyme) Gray Matter( 회질 ): Neural Cell Bodies( 세포체 ) –Nuclei – Collection of neural cell bodies of similar shape White Matter( 백질 ): Axons –Tract - A bundle of axons

16. Basal Ganglia( 기저핵 ) : 운동기능 Basal Ganglia a collection of subcortical nuclei involved in the control of movement

17. Basal Ganglia: 3 Major structures Caudate nucleus ( 미상핵 ) Globus pallidus( 담창구 ) Putamen( 피각부 ) Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

18. Diencephalon( 간뇌 ) 2 Major Structures - Thalamus( 시상 ) 터미널기능 - Hypothalamus( 시상하 부 )

19. Thalamus - Two lobes that relay sensory projection fiber info to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus - Lies at the base of the brain - Controls and regulates the endocrine system (hormones), autonomic system, species survival (the four Fs) and sleeping. - Contains many nuclei and fiber tracts Diencephalon

20. All sensory modalities relay through the thalamus Thalamus

21. Surrounds the 4th ventricle Mid brain( 중뇌 ) Pons( 뇌교 ) Medulla( 연수 ) Brain Stem: 숨골

22. Pons( 뇌교 ) Fiber Tracts & Nuclei important in sleep and arousal

23. Medulla( 연수 ) –Regulates cardiovascular system, respiration, skeletal muscle tonus

24. Cerebellum( 소뇌 ) –Two hemispheres –Integrates and coordinates standing, walking, coordinated movements cerebellum

25. ...... The Brain: A Well-Protected Organ ( 두개골 ) ( 두피 ) ( 경막 )

26. The Skull( 두개골 ) The First Line of Defense

27. Meninges( 수막 )......

28. Meninges 3 Tough Layers of Connective Sheath –Dura Mater (outer: 경막 ) –Arachnoid Mater (middle: 지주막 ) –Pia Mater (inner: 연막 )

29. Meninges Provide three layers of protection & padding around the brain & spinal cord Enclose, protect blood vessels Contains CSF

30. 임상 Meningitis ( 뇌수막염 ) Meninigioma( 뇌수막종 ) Epidural hematoma ( 경막외혈종 ) Subdural hematoma ( 경막하혈종 ) Craniotomy ( 두개골절개술 ) Craniectomy ( 두개골절제술 ) Duroplasty ( 경막성형술 ) Cranioplasty( 두개골성혈술 )

31. The Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF: 뇌척수액 ) Liquid cushion for brain and spinal cord; reduces shock of head movements (The brain floats in a bath of CSF) Nourishes brain(영양) Removes waste Filtrate of blood

32. CSF Circulation Produced in Choroid Plexus –500 ml/day Total Volume: 70 – 120 ml

33. Lateral Ventricles: 측뇌실 largest Third Ventricle: 3 뇌실 “wall” divides brain into symmetrical halves Cerebral aqueduct: 도수관 long tube that connects 3 rd to 4 th ventricle Fourth Ventricle: 4 뇌실 The Four Ventricles

34. 임상 Vetriculitis ( 뇌실염 ) EVD (extra ventricular drainage) 뇌실외배액술 CSF study( 뇌척수액 검사 ) V-P shunt( ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: 뇌실복강단락술 _

35. Spinal Cord( 척수 ): The Peripheral Nervous System 말초신경계 Spinal cord sections indicated by the exit point of nerves Sensory and motor peripheral nerves connect to sensory and motor neurons in the CNS Major Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System: The Autonomic Nervous System The Somatic Nervous System

36. Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy Four Major Regions Cervical( 경추 ) Thoracic( 흉추 ) Lumbar( 요추 ) Sacral( 천추 )

37. 임상 Vertebra( 척추 ) Spinal stenosis( 척추협착증 Spondylolisthesis( 척추전방전이증 ) Spondylolysis( 척추분리증 ) Spondylitis( 척추염 ) Laminectomy( 협궁절제술 )

38. Cerebrovascular Disease Arteriosclerosis cerebrovascular accident (CVA, apoplexy) –ischemia –transient ischemic attack(TIA) –hemiparesis –hemiplegia –aphasia –ataxia

39. Oncology Intracranial tumors –Astrocytoma,globlastoma,oligodendroglioma, –Ependymoma, –metastatic sites Signs and Symptoms –headaches –papilledema –personality changes

40. cerebral palsy closed head trauma coma Concussion Huntington ’ s chorea hydrocephalus paraplegia paresis

41. Paresthesia poliomyelitis quadriplegia sciatica syncope transient ischemic attack (TIA)

42. Cerebral angiography echoencephalography electroencephalography (CCG) myelography computed tomography (CT scan)

43. spinal puncture, spinal tap trephination

44. Pharmacology Analgesics anticonvulsants antidepressants hyponotics opiates sedatives tranquilizers

45. Abbreviations ALS ANS CP CSF CT scan CVA CVD

46. Abbreviations EEG ICP LP MRI MS R/O TIA