1. PHENIX Detector Upgrades M. Grosse Perdekamp University of Illinois RHIC Spin Collaboration Meeting, LBL, November 20 th 2009 o Overview o VTX, FVTX, Muon-Trigger, FOCAL Scope & Acceptance Technology Status and Schedule Physics o Summary

2. Overview 2002 ERT e,γ level-1 trigger 2003 Local Pol Polarization 2004 Aerogel PID, hadron spectra 2006 TOF-West PID, hadron spectra 2007 HBD PID, low mass di-leptons RXP Reaction Plane MPC d-A, A N, A LL di-hadron 09/10 μ-Trigger W-physics 2010 VTX c-, b-tagging, central tracking 2011 FVTX c-, b-tagging 2012+ FOCAL γ, jets, A LL, A N,A T DAQ Track data volume + luminosity Central Tracking DC + PC replacement, accep. Central Arm Trigger Track luminosity ∫Ldt ≈ 10 pb -1 by 2009 transverse ∫Ldt ≈ 40 pb -1 by 2009 longitudinal ∫Ldt ≈ 50 pb -1 from 2011 √s=200 GeV ∫Ldt ≈ 300 pb -1 from 2011 √s=500 GeV  Upgrades will be available for most of RHIC spin luminosity! PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th Complete Active Construction Under Study

3. Physics with the PHENIX Detector Upgrades 3 June 20 th -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 rapidity FOCAL MPC VTX & FVTX  coverage 2  EMCAL (i)  0 and direct  with additional electromagnetic calorimeters (ii) Heavy flavor tagging with silicon detectors (iii) Tracking with central vertex detector (iv) High p T muon trigger Acceptance + Experimental Capabilities with MPC, VTX, FVTX and μ-Trigger Upgrades μ- arm+trigger

4. 4 ¨ PHENIX: Versatile Trigger + Large Bandwidth Large bandwidth and trigger capabilities are critical to fully benefit from measurements in multiple channels for example for the best possible constraint on ∫ΔG(x) dx!  Independent experimental and theoretical uncertainties.  Best statistical precision for results on spin dependent nucleon distribution functions.  Final results will come from inclusive NLO pQCD analysis of the asymmetries from all experimental channels.  Evaluation of impact of multiple observables on the knowledge of e.g. ∫ΔG(x)dx is not available and would be very difficult to obtain. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th  inclusive hadrons, di-hadrons  inclusive photons  jet + photon  open heavy flavor Critical: large PHENIX DAQ bandwidth ~ 8kHz for highest possible rates in multiple channels (including at low p T !). Can DAQ digest data volume from upgrades & luminosity increases?

5. 5 ¨ A LL (c,b) Projections with VTX Multiple Channels vs DAQ Bandwidth Example: Electron Trigger ~1500 Hz Electron Trigger systematic limit L=6x10 31 cm -2 s -1  electron rate for a threshold at 0.9 GeV is ~ 1.5kHz  needed ∫Ldt=320pb -1 before systematics limited at low p T ….  Can we continue data taking with low threshold?  Central arm trigger upgrade ? PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

6. 6 ¨ Mutiple Channels vs DAQ Bandwidth Example: Photon Trigger ~ 1500 Hz Photon Trigger at 2.1 GeV L=6x10 31 cm -2 s -1  Photon trigger rate for a threshold at 2.1 GeV is ~ 1.5kHz  At smallest p T A LL soon will be systematics limited: Δ stat A ~ 1x10 -3, Δ sys A < 5x10 -4  Continue data taking with low threshold!  Would benefit from central arm trigger upgrade!  Improve error on rel. luminosity: spin flippers! PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

7. Dec emb er 8 th The North & South Muon Piston Calorimeters Spin Physics Longitudinal/transverse spin in polarized p-p A LL, A N for inclusive π 0 and rapidity separated pion pairs (and clusters) Technology & Scope PbWO 4 avalanche photo diode readout 3.1 < η < 3.8, 0 < φ < 2π One MPC embedded in a hole left in the muon magnet piston yoke in each muon spectrometers. Both sides fully operational from run 2008. First results from run 6 (A N south) and run 8. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

8. Dec emb er 8 th Muon Trigger Upgrade Physics Quark and Anti-quark helicity distributions through W-production in polarized p-p Technology (1) Bakelite trigger RPCs from the CMS forward muon trigger (NSF) (2) Custom trigger frontend electronics for the existing muon tracking chambers (JSPS) (3) Custom LL1 trigger processors (NSF)  Momentum sensitive muon trigger. Timing to reject beam backgrounds, cosmic ray muons and to match polarization information. RPC1 RPC3 muID north muTr north muTrig1-3 PHENIX Muon Spectrometer PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

9. Dec emb er 8 th Muon Trigger Upgrade Status: (1) muTrig electronics 1-3 for both muon spectrometers are fully installed. (2) RPC-3 north fully installed. (3) Trigger processor boards have been manufactured. (4) muTrig south and two full size RPC proto- types tested sucessfully during run 9 Schedule: (1) Full muTrig system tests with LL1 during run 10. (2) Partial tests of RPC-3 north. (3) RPC-3 + absorber installation in summer 2010 (4) Ready for W-physics in run 2011 (5) RPC-1 will be complete by the summer of 2010 but will be installed with a thinner absorber once the FVTX has been installed. RPC1 RPC3 muID north muTr north muTrig1-3 PHENIX Muon Spectrometer PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

10. 10 New MuTRIG-FEE in North Arm  Before Installation  With trigger cards installed. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

11. MuTRG Run09 Performance 11 trigger efficiency vs track momentum MuID trigger threshold plateau efficiency ~ 0.9 MuID Algorithm Track Matching w/ MuID Timing cut w/ RPC Track Matching w/ RPC Background Shields etc.. MuID Algorithm Track Matching w/ MuID Timing cut w/ RPC Track Matching w/ RPC Background Shields etc..  PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

12. LL1 Trigger Readiness Communication test LL1 Board Production will be complete before run 10 ADTX - MRG - LL1 - GL1 chain test in run 10 leading to regular operation. LL1 Board MuTRG-MRG Boards PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

13. PHENIX RPC Trigger RPC3 station RPC3 station RPC1 station RPC3 Characteristics of RPCs Fast response  Suitable for a trigger device Good intrinsic time resolution: 1-2 ns Good spatial resolution: typically ~ cm  Determined by the read-out strip width and cluster size Low cost Typical gas mixture  95% C 2 H 2 F 4 + 4.5% i-C 4 H 10 + 0.5% SF 6 half octant RPC modules PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

14. PHENIX RPC-3 Half Octant Structure NPL: skins, cross-bars, brackets NPL: RPC-3 half octant storage Parts arriving at NPL NPL: RPC-3 Pre-Assembly NPL: Half octants to BNL RPC-factory at BNL: Half Octant Storage PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

15. RPC-3 North Assembly in the PHENIX RPC Factory at Brookhaven National Laboratory First fully assembled RPC half octants. Tent for half octant burn in RPC-factory: Half octant transfer Half octant testing PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

16. RPC Detector Module QA with Cosmic Rays Use stack of 5 detector modules to determine efficiencies for different HVs and thresholds. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

17. RPC Noise Tests in RPC Factory ← No. of strips vs. noise rate for each type of module. BLACK for A module, BLUE for B module, RED for C module. Average noise rate with B modules is lower than other. Distribution of strips with different levels of noise. 5 strips are over 10 Hz/cm 2 Threshold is 160mV. No. of Strips Noise rate PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

18. RPC-3 North Installation Installation from the RHIC tunnel. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

19. Simulation of Asymmetries Using Careful Evaluation of Backgrounds more in Ralf Seidl’s talk PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

20. VTX Upgrade : Slides from Yasuyuki Akiba shown at Annual Review in June, 2 nd 2009  plane z plane VTX will be ready for installation in FY10Q4. Strip Stripixel detector for L3 and L4 80  m×1000  m pixel pitch R3=10cm and R4=14cm Large acceptance |  |<1.2, almost 2  in  plane Stand-alone tracking capability Fine granularity, low occupancy 50  m×425  m pixels for L1 and L2 R1=2.5cm and R2=5cm Pixel PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

21. Spin Physics Goals of VTX Measurement of gluon polarization  G(x) in polarized p+p collisions at RHIC –Measurement of double spin asymmetry A LL of heavy flavor production (charm and beauty, separately) –Measurement of A LL of direct photon + jet Heavy Flavor tagging and b/c separation requires a good DCA resolution (  DCA ~100  m). Measurement of recoil jets requires a large solid angle coverage For charm / hadron separation requires enhanced goal of 50  m DCA PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

22. Full ladder ~4mm Pixel bus Pixel sensor modules Pixel stave (with cooling) Pixel detector = inner 2 layers of VTX 1 st layer: 10 full pixel ladders = 20 half ladders = 40 sensor modules 2 nd layer: 20 full pixel ladders = 40 half ladders = 80 sensor modules Pixel Detector SPRIO 57mm (32 x 4 pixel) 13mm 256 pixel Sensor module 50  m x 425  m PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

23. Strip detector silicon module SVX4 5 (L3) or 6 (L4) silicon modules Read-out by 1 LDTB 128 ch/chip 8 bit ADC Strip Ladder 1 sensor + ROC + 12 SVX4 Read-out by RCC board 80  m x 30mm “stripixel” 80  m x 1mm pixel size (384 X + 384U strips) x 2 Stripixel sensor 1 side, 2 direction read-out PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

24. 24 FVTX Upgrade, Slides from Melynda Brooks Presented at the Annual FVTX Review 11-2009 Four tracking stations with full azimuthal coverage 75  m pitch strips in radial direction, 3.75° staggered phi strips Radiation length < 2.4%/wedge to minimize multiple scattering Schedule: Ready for installation in the 3 rd quarter of 2011 Backplane HDI Sensor FPHX Chips Half Disk Cage PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

25. FOCAL: Tungsten Silicon Sampling Calorimeter W structure (bricks of skins and W plates) Carrier boards (electrically glued to W plates) Si micromodules (strip- and pad- structured) Assembly unit : Brick EM0(7SL)+strips EM1/EM2 (14SL) 2 x 5 sensors 2 x 7 sensors Schedule: Start of funding + 2.5 years (proposal in preparation) Physics: Large acceptance EMC for neutral pions + photons and jets  A LL, Collins in jets, A N in jet+photon (Sivers process dependence) PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

26. Physics Programs Accessible With FVTX Single Muons: Precision heavy flavor measurements at forward rapidity Separation of charm and beauty W background rejection improved Dimuons: First direct bottom measurement via B  J/  Separation of J/  from  ’ with improved resolution and S:B First Drell-Yan measurements from RHIC Direct measurement of c-cbar events via  +  - becomes possible Physics: Precise measurements gluon polarization in heavy flavor production and sea quark measurements through W-production. Essential for background rejection in Drell Yan measurements of Sivers asymmetries. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

27. 27 Summary I The muon trigger, VTX, FVTX are making good progress and will be available for the majority of the luminosity for polarized protons at RHIC. A FOCAL proposal is currently being prepared. However, the schedule is not yet well defined. The resulting key detection capabilities are  heavy flavor tagging.  high p T muon triggering.  extended acceptance for tracking at mid-rapidity.  large acceptance calorimetry. The experimental goals are (1) for the measurement of the gluon spin contribution ∫ΔG(x)dx  larger x-range  heavy flavor, hadron pairs, photon jet are new channels with independent experimental and theoretical uncertainties PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th

28. 28 Summary II (2) for the measurements of the helicity quark and anti-quark distributions  introduce trigger capabilities for high p T muons in the muon arms. (3) Transverse spin:  Collins-type fragmentation and Gluon Sivers in multiple channels. Possibly test fundamental prediciton on non-universality of the Sivers function in jet-photon production or in Drell Yan (the latter is very luminosity hungry). A careful evaluation of the sensitivities in various channels and the overall sensitivity of a global pQCD analysis of multiple observables has not been carried out. While the results of such a study would be very valuable for funding and planning purposes, it may be not practical to carry this out. PHENIX Detector Upgrades November 20 th