1. Energy Storage Technology Options for Distribution Networks – More than just the economic cost USAEE – Anchorage Craig Froome, Liam Wagner and John Foster July 2013 @gcitweet /gciuq

2. Project Federal Government Solar Flagships Program 3.275MW Solar Research Array Flat panel with single and dual axis tracking Battery Storage on both AC and DC side But what storage options?

3. What are we doing at UQ?

4. Global Cumulative Installed Capacity Source: IRENA 2012

5. Data Modeling

7. Capex with respect to Power and Energy Provision

8. Levelised Cost of Energy LCOE J = Levelised Cost of Energy for Technology TOC J = Total Operating Cost O&M J = Operations and Maintenance Costs (All Fixed in this study) RE(t) J = Renewable Energy Certificates (~$40/MWh Sent out) WACC= Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Post-tax Real ~7.23%) CAPEX J = Capital Cost SO(t) J = Energy Sent out to the Grid CPI(t) r = CPI applied to revenue stream 1.875% (ie. 75% of prevailing CPI 2.5%)

9. Size CyclesLifeDoD Efficiency Total Cost Energy Cost Power CostFOM (kW) (kWh) (years)%Energy(%) ($Mill) ($/kWh)($/kW)$/year Lead Acid 60012002550 1060%720751.473 1,228 2,45524000 Lead Carbon 72314252500 10100%1425900.833 585 1,15225500 Lead VRLA GEL 60012011000 1560%721800.711 592 1,1857224 Lithium Ion 6061207.25800 1080%966901.306 1,082 2,15536419 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate 60012024400 1070%841800.920 765 1,53340000 Lithium-Nickel-Magnesium- Cobolt-Oxide 60012004000 1180%960900.48 400 80040000 Lithium-Polymer 60012034000 1580%962900.7 582 1,1675000 Lithium-Titanum-Oxide 60012007000 2080%960800.48 400 80040000 Molten Salt 63012043500 1580%963851.052 874 1,67025000 Nickel-Cadmium 60012002000 1540%480900.48 400 80010904 Zinc-Bromide 67512052000 15100%1205750.691 573 1,0249543 Battery Technical Specifications

10. Levelised Cost of Storage

11. Future Cost of storage is decreasing and through learnings (and greater deployment) will continue to decrease in next decade. Large-scale deployment of renewable technologies can not happen without storage. Technology choice will be dependent on use – different technologies do have different purposes.

12. Thank You Craig Froome Global Change Institute The University of Queensland Phone: +61 7 3365 3689 Fax: +61 7 3346 3299 Email: c.froome@uq.edu.auc.froome@uq.edu.au