1. Chapter 3 Descriptive Measures Measures Central Tendency MeanMedianModeDispersionRange Variance & Standard Deviation Measures Central Tendency MeanMedianModeDispersionRange Variance & Standard Deviation

2. The 3-Ms: Mean, Median, Mode  Mean: arithmetic average  Median: mid-point of the distribution  Mode: most frequent response Which one to use? Depends on the type of data you have: Nominal data: mode Ordinal data: mode and median Interval/Ratio: mode, median, and mean

3. Mean (Arithmetic)—the common measure of CT affected by extreme values(outliers)  Sample mean n is sample size.  Population mean N is population size

4. Example: All the students in IT A3-04 class are considered the population. Their course grades are: 8692 70 65558990954985 (i). Give the formula for the population mean (ii). Compute the mean course grade

5. Solution: (i). See the previous slide (ii). Compute the population mean µ µ=( 86+92 +70 +65+55+89+90+95+49+85)/10 =77.6

6. Median  Mean is affected by extreme values. So, it can not represent a data set that contains one or two very large or very small values. The center point for such data can be better described using Median.  In an ordered array, the median is the middle value  The location of the media is (n+1)/2  If the number of values is odd the median is the middle number  If the number of values is even the median is the average of the two middle numbers.

7. Example: The prices ordered at CP are: 280300180320700 Calculate the median of the data set above. Solution: -Ordered array: 180280300320700 -Median position=(n+1)/2 =(5+1)/2=3th =>Median=300

8. Mode  A measure of CT  Value that occurs most often  Not affected by extreme values  There may not be a mode  There may be several modes  User for numerical or categorical data

9. Example: The following are the ages of the 9 people in CP: 192027253032405020 What is the mode of the data set? Solution: The data set reveals that the age 20 appear most often than any other ages. So the mode is 20.

10. Why measures Dispersion?  It tells us how often something varies/spread.  Imagine you go to a restaurant and received such very good mean, you return fore the same meal next day.  However, this time the food tastes very bad. You never go back. The standard of quality has varied.  The mean or the median only locates the center of the data. But they do not inform us about the spread of the data.  A measure of dispersion can be used to evaluate the reliability of two or more means/averages.

11. Range  The simplest measure of dispersion is the range.  It is the difference between the lowest and the highest.  It can be expressed by the following formula: Range=Highest value-Lowest value Example: In the morning IT class, students’ grades are 45 45 50 52 65 75 82 82 90 In the evening IT class, students’ grades are 40 45 45 50 50 50 60 65 70 70

12. IT morning class: Range=90-45=45 Mean=(45+45+50+52+65+75+82+82+90)/9 =65.11 IT evening class: Range=70-40=30 Mean=(40+45+45+50+50+50+60+65+70+70)/10 =55 Therefore, the range of students’ grades of IT morning class is greater than the range of students’ IT evening class. This we can conclude that there is greater dispersion in students’ grades of IT morning class than in the students’ grades of IT evening class. And we also conclude that the students grades of IT morning class

13. Are not clustered more closely around the mean of 65.11 than the students’ grades of IT evening class. Thus, the mean of 55 are more reliable than the mean of 65.11.

14. Variance and Standard Deviation  The defect of the range is that it is based only on two values—the highest value and the lowest value.  Variance is the arithmetic mean of squared deviation from the mean.  Variance is the important measure of variation.  Standard Deviation is the positive square root of the variance.  Standard Deviation is the most important measure of variation.

15.  Population variance:  Population Standard Deviation

16.  Sample variance  Sample Standard Deviation

17. Small vs. large standard deviation small standard deviation Large standard deviation

18. Example: Computer the population variances and standard deviation of the previous students’ grades. And then make a conclusion based on the two standard deviations.

19. Exercises 1.Based on a given data set (sample): 5, 4, 2, 7, 4, 8, and 2 a. Compute the variance b. Determine the sample standard deviation 2.Listed below are self-services prices for a sample of 16 retail stores: 1.251.191.291.211.271.211.261.27 1.231.251.231.211.241.231.251.24 a. What is the arithmetic mean selling price? b. What is the median selling price? c. What is the modal selling price?

20. 3.Listed below are he numbers of boxes of cigarettes produced daily in Luxury cigarette manufacture. 1000120010001100150014501200 1100130013001400130012001300 1300120013001100140013001200 14001300 a. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set b. Calculate the standard deviation c. Draw polygon to present the data set and provide the comment about the distribution of the data set.