1. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 January 5, 2008 Semester 1 Plan 1. Impacts Journal #2 due tomorrow, 6 JAN 08. 2. Quiz Friday on Power Plants 3. Review for Semester Exam next Monday and Tuesday (January 12 and 13) 4. Semester Exam next Wed. and Thurs. (January 14 and 15) UNIT 3 – Fuels and Power Plants worksheet handed out today

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 1.A portion of quarter 2 grade. 2.Final exam in June will be 1/3 of 2 nd semester grade. 3.Topics Covered: 1.Unit 1: General Conditions 2.Unit 2: Communication Technology 3.Unit 3: Energy and Power Fuels and Engines only Semester Exam

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 1.Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants 2.Trigonometry and Vectors 3.Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power 4.Impacts of Current Generation and Use U NIT 3 – E NERGY AND P OWER Topics Covered

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants 1.The engine, motor, and related parts a.Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object b.Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input 2.Electricity generating station a.Typically what is referred to by “power plant” b.Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources Types of Power Plants

5. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants 1.Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies 2.Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations Why Study Power Plants?

6. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer 2.Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air 3.Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric 4.External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine 5.Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace 6.Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat Terminology

7. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion 1)Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons 2)Mills – grinding 3)Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill 4)al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel 5)1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery

8. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines and Uses 1.External Combustion (EC) Engines: Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations 2.Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: 1)Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes 2)Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts 3)Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery 3.Gas Turbine Engines: Power plants and airplanes

9. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

10. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine a.Steam 1)Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids 2)Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water Types of Engines – E.C.E.

11. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (continued) b.History 1)75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician Presented plans for simple steam engine 2)1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker 3)1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines 4)1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design Types of Engines – E.C.E.

12. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont.) b.History (cont.) 5)1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer Modern steam engine credited to Watt 6)1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders. Types of Engines – E.C.E.

13. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) c.Steam Locomotive 1)1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts 2)1804 – steam-powered engine 3)1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines d.Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible Types of Engines – E.C.E.

14. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – PISTON Types of Engines – E.C.E. 1)High pressure steam enters 2)HP steam pushes piston 3)Valve rod shifts 4)HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction 5)Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust: Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo

15. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – PISTON Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Exhaust Coal Exhaust

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – BOILER Types of Engines – E.C.E. 1)Coal burned in furnace 2)Hot gasses boil water 3)Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack Fire-tube Boiler (past) Water-tube Boiler (modern)

17. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE 1)Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible. 2)Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below). Types of Engines – E.C.E.

18. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

19. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

20. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

21. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…