2. 1 SCHLINGER CHAPTER 5 MOTOR DEVLOPMENT

3. 2 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS CEPHALOCAUDAL “Head down”  PROXIMAL-DISTAL “Center outward” 

4. 3 FETAL MYELIN DEVELOPMENT OCURS IN 3 RD TRIMESTER –MYELIN FORMATION

5. 4 INFANT PHYSICAL GROWTH: HEAD BODY PROPORTIONS: Infant head:body ratio is 1:4 (Mardi Gras head!) Adult head:body ratio is 1:7 or 1:8

6. 5 INFANT PHYSICAL GROWTH: HEAD Once we are born, our head size increases the least (because already so big!) Infant brain is 25% adult brain weight even though infant body is only 5% adult weight!!)

7. 6 and now…The NEURON! terminals axon myelin soma dendrites     

8. 7 INFANT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 0 – 2 years old: is 500% increase in neuron connections!! (*Best of our lives!)

9. 8 INFANT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT EEG waves become “regular” and cyclical Lots of REM sleep Physiological states become more predictable MUST have enriched environment to develop brain!

10. 9 INFANT MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Is a progression from mostly INVOLUNTARY to more “VOLUNTARY” motor control REFLEX = nonlearned response to specific stimulation – Also called UNCONDITIONED RESPONDING – Allows survival prior to LEARNED behavior!

11. 10 INFANT REFLEXES WE ALL HAVE THE FOLLOWING: BREATHING, SHIVERING, SNEEZING, STARTLE BUT WE LOSE THE FOLLOWING: SUCKING ROOTING BABINSKI TICKLE TOEING (STEPPING) PALMAR GRASP MORO STARTLE SWIMMING & BREATH HOLDING

12. 11 INFANT “VOLUNTARY” MOTOR GROSS MOTOR = LARGE MUSCLE CONTROL – Arms, hands, legs, trunk (torso), head FINE MOTOR = SMALL MUSCLE CONTROL – Fingers, tongue, lips, eyes, face Gross motor competence precedes fine motor competence!! (Proximal-distal development)

13. 12 INFANT GROSS MOTOR NORMS

14. 13 More motor “stuff” Why is gross motor important? Because it frees up hands for other things like exploration (more learning opportunities!) Hands can now move from ULNAR GRASP to PINCER GRASP

15. 14 SCHLINGER CHAPTER 6 - SENSATION & PERCEPTION

16. 15 SENSATION & PERCEPTION What is sensation? NEURAL DETECTION OF STIMULATION What is perception? ACTING ON STIMULATION

17. 16 What are the senses? VISION (SEEING) AUDITION (HEARING) GUSTATION (TASTE) OLFACTION (SMELL) TACTILE (TOUCH)

18. 17 How do we measure S&P? PROBLEM: We can’t just ASK the baby what they sense and perceive. Why? SOLUTION: Need BEHAVIORS that baby does to tell us what they sense and perceive.

19. 18 HABITUATION vs. DISHABITUATION HABITUATION Means to grow bored and uninterested (no jokes, please!!) Usually occurs if new stimuli are too similar to old stimuli Ex.) If a baby has been exposed to a square for 5 minutes, and is then presented with slightly smaller square, she will likely remain bored (habituate). This happens to us when a TV show keeps doing the same plot again and again; or a band keeps making the same style boring music.

20. 19 HABITUATION vs. DISHABITUATION DISHABITUATION Means to become interested (excited) again Usually occurs if new stimuli are different from old stimuli Ex.) If a baby has been exposed to a square for 5 minutes, but is then presented with a circle, she will “pep up” (dishabituate).

21. 20 “PREFERENCE” See which source of stimulation infant looks towards the most This tells us that the infant can tell the difference between two things If an infant prefers to look at Mom’s face over another person’s face, then we can infer the baby can tell the difference!

22. 21 VISION Least developed sense at birth! Requires more brain and muscle development Poor ACUITY (20/400 vision) Poor TRACKING of objects Poor COLOR DISCRIMINATION Poor BINOCULAR (DEPTH PERCEPTION) vision (see next slide). Infant actually has double vision!

23. 22 THE “VISUAL CLIFF” Baby shows no notice of “cliff” until about 3 mos. of age Hmm…those people look like ants down there!

24. 23 VISUAL PREFERENCES Faces (especially loved ones) COMPLEX images 3-D images (after age 3 mos) Novel images High contrast objects

25. 24 HEARING Well developed at birth (babies can hear prenatally at 28 weeks!) Can distinguish different voices Can localize sounds Can distinguish different language sounds (called PHONEMES) such as BAH vs. PAH as early as 1- month old Poor at hearing LOW PITCH sounds (babies reinforce high pitch speaking with their attention!) Poor at short duration sounds

26. 25 OTHER SENSES TASTE Can distinguish basic tastes Sensitive to spiciness and seasoning Prefer more bland tastes Varied foods help taste to develop and prevent fussy eaters (enriched environment + opportunity to reinforce varied eating)

27. 26 OTHER SENSES SMELL Well developed at birth Very sharp and sensitive Can turn to own mother’s smell at birth over other women (but not Dad over other men)

28. 27 OTHER SENSES TOUCH Also well developed at birth Can detect differences on skin in TEMPERATURE, TEXTURE, PRESSURE Very good for baby’s health and brain development to be stroked!