1. Section II: Early Settlements (Pages 10-15) This section is about: This section is about: Why nomadic life diminished. Why nomadic life diminished. How certain aspects of culture arose as early humans began to settle in villages and towns. How certain aspects of culture arose as early humans began to settle in villages and towns. How trade began between early groups. How trade began between early groups.

2. The last Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago. The last Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago. The way people lived changed a lot: The way people lived changed a lot: A. They didn ’ t have to hunt for food B. They could stay in one place and farm. C. They began to develop some better tools.

3. There are 2 ways to farm: Animals: Animals: People learned how to domesticate (tame) animals like pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle. People learned how to domesticate (tame) animals like pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle. Crops: Crops: Cultivated (grew) lentils, wheat, peas, and barley. Cultivated (grew) lentils, wheat, peas, and barley. What are some of the main crops we have in the world today? What are some of the main crops we have in the world today? Helps to do this near water - or learn how to irrigate (bring water to a dry place) Helps to do this near water - or learn how to irrigate (bring water to a dry place) Europe had more fertile land than Asia. Europe had more fertile land than Asia. This way of life needed more people working together (including transportation and communication) This way of life needed more people working together (including transportation and communication)

4. What else would they need to live? Clothing Clothing At first: animal skins. At first: animal skins. Then, learned to connect Then, learned to connect fibers and weave clothes. fibers and weave clothes. Storage containers Storage containers Often from clay: Often from clay: Some of the oldest artifacts Some of the oldest artifacts we find are made of clay. we find are made of clay. Metalworking (metallurgy) Copper and gold are soft and Copper and gold are soft and were easy to work with at were easy to work with at first. first. These were used for both These were used for both tools and decorations. tools and decorations. Work of art that can tell us about the people who made it

5. More artifacts by early cultures…….

6. One of the earliest settlements we know a little about: was in Turkey: Catalhuyuk About 6000 BC. About 6000 BC. Had about 6000 people living there. Is that a lot? Had about 6000 people living there. Is that a lot? Mud, brick, plaster, and wood houses (and decorated with paintings). Mud, brick, plaster, and wood houses (and decorated with paintings). The homes were connected together. Good or bad idea? Why? The homes were connected together. Good or bad idea? Why? They were farmers, gatherers, craftspeople/artists. They were farmers, gatherers, craftspeople/artists. We ’ re not to sure about their religious beliefs, but maybe worshiped an earth goddess or sun goddess (like a lot of cultures back then). We ’ re not to sure about their religious beliefs, but maybe worshiped an earth goddess or sun goddess (like a lot of cultures back then).

8. Another: Jericho (where Israel is today) First settled about 12,000 years ago. First settled about 12,000 years ago. Originally hunters/gatherers. Originally hunters/gatherers. Knew how to work with stone: built a wall around their settlement that was 16 feet high and 10 feet thick (and a 26 foot tall tower) Knew how to work with stone: built a wall around their settlement that was 16 feet high and 10 feet thick (and a 26 foot tall tower) Parts of this wall are still around now. Parts of this wall are still around now. May have practiced ancestor worship. May have practiced ancestor worship. How do you think archeologists know these religious things about these old cultures? How do you think archeologists know these religious things about these old cultures?

9. After a while, people started specializing in things If you were good at making something and that was your job, you might trade what you could do for other things. If you were good at making something and that was your job, you might trade what you could do for other things. No one had cash like today, so they bartered (traded what they had for something they needed). No one had cash like today, so they bartered (traded what they had for something they needed). What are some other things used as “ money ” in history? What are some other things used as “ money ” in history? This also led to the first merchants: people who specialized in doing the trading for others. This also led to the first merchants: people who specialized in doing the trading for others. Remember – you can ’ t barter unless you have extra ’ s, so these kinds of people must be doing well. Remember – you can ’ t barter unless you have extra ’ s, so these kinds of people must be doing well.

10. How were these groups organized? The first “ government may have come from religious leaders. The first “ government may have come from religious leaders. But, eventually it seemed to help if there was a group in charge that used a specific set of rules for how groups of people were supposed to live together But, eventually it seemed to help if there was a group in charge that used a specific set of rules for how groups of people were supposed to live together