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The University of Oklahoma Measuring the Electron’s Electric Dipole Moment using zero-g-factor paramagnetic molecules APS March Meeting, 2006 Funding sources.

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Presentation on theme: "The University of Oklahoma Measuring the Electron’s Electric Dipole Moment using zero-g-factor paramagnetic molecules APS March Meeting, 2006 Funding sources."— Presentation transcript:

1 The University of Oklahoma Measuring the Electron’s Electric Dipole Moment using zero-g-factor paramagnetic molecules APS March Meeting, 2006 Funding sources for preliminary research: National Research Council (US) NATO SfP (for field measurement.) OU Office of the Vice President for Research Neil Shafer-Ray, The University of Oklahoma Current funding: National Science Foundation DOE EPSCoR Laboratory-State Partnership

2 The University of Oklahoma I am very sorry that I was not able to deliver this talk. My grandmother has passed away a few hours ago and I must return to the United States. Sunday, October 8, 11:30pm Neil Shafer-Ray To all,

3 The University of Oklahoma CP (time reversal) violation K-zero-long decay http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/nobel/nobel_80.asp

4 The University of Oklahoma A completely different place to look for CP violation is in the interaction of fundamental particles with external fields.

5 The University of Oklahoma The study of the magnetic moment of the electron is an integral part of some of the most compelling experiments of the last 100 years. Stern and Gerlach 1922 "space quantization" g=1 to 10% (assumed integral spin) Nobel Prize 1943 II Rabi 1938 Magnetic Resonance resonant line widths <10kHz Nobel Prize 1944 MAINSTAY of MODERN CHEMISTRY Norman Ramsey Separated Oscillator Beam Resonance resonant line witdths <100Hz Nobel Prize 1989 STANDARD OF TIME Hans G. Dehmelt ion trapping, spectroscopy of a single trapped electron. Nobel Prize 1989 Gerald Gabrielse Quantum nondistructive measurement of the quantum structure of a single electron in a magnetic trap STANDARD OF MASS?

6 The University of Oklahoma An EDM proportional to spin would also give CP g =2.0023193043617(16) Gabrielse,PRL 2006 g edm =0.00000000000000000(5) Commins, PRL, 2004

7 The University of Oklahoma Super Sym. Std. Mod. (Hoogeveen 1990) (Arnowitt 2001) - Commins & coworkers, Tl, PRL, 2002 - Hinds & coworkers, YbF, DAMOP, 2005 An EDM proportional to spin would also give CP

8 The University of Oklahoma I. Introduction What is the OU group up to? How was the current experimental limit on the magnitude of the e-EDM obtained? Outline Outline What are some of the current experiments being carried out to measure the e-edm

9 The University of Oklahoma To search for an e-EDM we will look for  U =U +M –U -M in a strong E field. Symmetry leads to a ±M degeneracy of any molecule or atom that is not broken by an electric field along the quantization axis. The existence of an electron electric dipole moment would break this symmetry. How the current limit on electron EDM is known Precision structure calculations are not necessary. Major Difficulty: A background magnetic field mimics an EDM.

10 The University of Oklahoma The Commins Experiment with 2 P 1/2 (F=1, M=±1) Tl For an atom or molecule in a strong electric field, For an isolated electron, for light atoms/molecules (Schiff's theorem.) for diamagnetic atoms for relativistic (heavy atoms/molecules.) We want to use heavy paramagnetic atoms or molecues.

11 The University of Oklahoma The Commins Experiment with 2 P 1/2 (F=1, M=±1) Tl enhancement factor geometric factors

12 The University of Oklahoma Tl( 2 P 1/2 F=1), incoherent combination of |1,1>, |1,0> and |1,-1> states P(  ) = probability of finding the system In the state M=F when quantization axis is in the direction of . E LASER RADIATION Tl( 2 P 1/2 F=1), |1,1> + |1,-1> Graphical Description of the Commins e-EDM Experiment

13 The University of Oklahoma EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM Tl( 2 P 1/2 F=1), |1,1> + Exp[i  U t /  ] |1,-1> B

14 The University of Oklahoma BxBx A small constant field B x along an axis perpendicular to B has little effect. B EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

15 The University of Oklahoma B A small field B x along an axis perpendicular to B that rotates with the distribution may have a dramatic effect. EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM B rot

16 The University of Oklahoma EFFECT OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM ORIENTATION B A small field B x along an axis perpendicular to B that rotates with the distribution may have a dramatic effect. The Ramsey beam resonance technique takes advantage of this dependence of the Rabi rotation on the phase of the rotating field.

17 B The Commins experiment Commins et al, PRL 88, 71805, 2002   U /  =  RF LASER

18 The Commins experiment Commins et al, PRL 88, 71805, 2002   U /   RF B LASER

19 The University of Oklahoma Expected Ramsey resonance signal for T = (2kT/m) 1/2 / 2L = 140 Hz (m=100 amu, T=500K, and interaction length L= 1000mm) FLUORESCENCE (LIGHT SEEN) MISMATCH BETWEEN  and  RF

20 B E The Commins experiment Commins et al, PRL 88, 71805, 2002 LASER   U /  =  RF (+) LASER

21 B   U /  =  RF (-) E The Commins experiment Commins et al, PRL 88, 71805, 2002 LASER

22 The University of Oklahoma E||B E(-||)B SHIFT GIVES EDM SHIFT SHOWN TO BE ~ 10 -7 OF THE WIDTH!!! GREAT STATISTICS!

23 The University of Oklahoma limiting systematic error  sin  ≈10 -6

24 The University of Oklahoma Measurement of the e-EDM using paramagnetic molecules 0.024 Tl ( 2 P 1/2 F=1) System (state) E-field (kV/cm) split @ 10 -27 e cm (mHz) B @ 10 -27 e cm (nG) 0.02100 t coherence (ms) 3 YbF (X 2 ,F=1) 10.135 3 d limit (10 -27 e cm) 1.3 - Hinds Commins 1) Effective electric field is the internal field of the molecule. 2) Idea by Saunders (Atomic Phys, 14 1975,71). 3) Calculation of shift by N.S. Mosyagin, M.G. Kozlov, A.V. Titov, (J Phys B, 31, L763)

25 The University of Oklahoma Effect of the large tensor split (energy dependence on |M|)  v Only the projection of B on the E axis contributes to the energy between ±M levels:

26 The University of Oklahoma Effect of the large tensor split (energy dependence on |M|)  Only the projection of B on the E axis contributes to the energy between ±M levels:  A much less severe problem then the vxE/c 2 effect.

27 The University of Oklahoma Easy to lose in statistics what one gains in intrinsic sensitivity. Beam Expected Flux Speed Distribution Tl(F=1,|M|=1)8 × 10 15 /str/sec YbF(J=1/2, F=1,|M|=1) 6 × 10 10 /str/sec 0 400800 v(m/s) (from oven) (from supersonic expansion) 0 400800 v(m/s) Differences between an atomic beam and a beam of paramagnetic molecules

28 The University of Oklahoma 0.024 Tl ( 2 P 1/2 F=1) System (state) E-field (kV/cm) shift @ 10 -27 e cm (mHz) B @ 10 -27 e cm (nG) 0.02100 t coherence (ms) 3 YbF (X 2 ,F=1) 10.135 PbO (a 3 ,F=1).012.91 3 0.1 d limit (10 -27 e cm) 1.3 30 (1?) - - Hinds Cs ( 2 P 1/2 F=3) 0.00025 4 0.00016 15 60 Hunter (DeMille) Commins - PbF (X 2  1/2, F=1) 60-10012500 to 10 7 10 3 to 3 (Shafer- Ray) (Weiss) (Gould) HfF + ( 3  1 ) (Cornell)~10~200~10 3 ~1 volt RF ion trap 2x10 3 ~10 3 - - 0.0050.004 0.0050.004 100? ? (Hinds)

29 The University of Oklahoma Cs Atomic Fountain (Provided by Harvey Gould)

30 The University of Oklahoma The OU PbF edm experiment

31 The University of Oklahoma g factor of PbF F=1, |M F |=1, high-field-seeking ground state: g-factor can be tuned to zero! Shafer-Ray, PRA,73, 34102

32 The University of Oklahoma PbF molecular beam source optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - Schematic of PbF g=0 measurement LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state)

33 The University of Oklahoma PbF molecular beam source optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - Schematic of PbF g=0 measurement LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state)

34 The University of Oklahoma First things first: Production and detection of PbF Pb / F 2 flow reactor: Operational Temperature 1200K Pb +MgF 2 reactor: Operational Temperature 1200K Pb +PbF 2 reactor: Operational Temperature 1200K

35 The University of Oklahoma PbF molecular beam source optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - Schematic of PbF g=0 measurement REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state)

36 The University of Oklahoma Current Apparatus for Exploring PbF Spectroscopy Nd:YAG 10ns, 10Hz tunable dye laser 0.1 cm-1 resolution PbF Source Chamber ionization chamber detection chamber Not an ideal detection scheme: PbF molecules stay in probe region ~5  s Time between laser shots: 100ms Duty cycle: 1/(20,000)

37 The University of Oklahoma PbF Source Chamber ionization chamber detection chamber PbF PbF + Current Apparatus for Exploring PbF Spectroscopy

38 The University of Oklahoma PbF Source Chamber ionization chamber detection chamber PbF PbF + Current Apparatus for Exploring PbF Spectroscopy

39 The University of Oklahoma (0,0) band 5.0 4.0 0.0 -2.0 -3.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 energy (eV) X 2  1/2 A 2  1/2 B 2  1/2 PbF + 3.05.07.0 R(Bohr) 1+1 X 1 2  1/2 →B 2  1/2 REMPI of PbF OU data, 2005 McRaven, Poopalasingam, Shafer-Ray, Chemical Physics Letters, In Progress. 355-397nm 280 nm

40 The University of Oklahoma Observation of an ionization threshold for PbF McRaven, Poopalasingam, Shafer-Ray, Chemical Physics Letters, In Progress. I.P. 7.55eV

41 The University of Oklahoma R(Bohr) 5.0 4.0 0.0 -2.0 -3.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 energy (eV) E' 4  3/2 ? PbF + 3.05.07.0 State selective ionization of PbF + via 1+1+1 doubly-resonant multi-photon ionization. X 2  1/2 A 2  1/2  (A→E') / nm 442.4 440.8  (X→A) / nm 436.612 436.320 WE HAVE DISCOVERED A NEW ELECTRONIC STATE OF PbF (tentative assignment: E' 4  3/2 )

42 The University of Oklahoma f (A→E') / cm -1 22612.1 f (A→E') / cm -1 22612.1 22641.8 f (X→A) / cm -1 22889.9 22900.6 SIMULATION EXPERIMENT Double Resonant Ionization of PbF

43 The University of Oklahoma R2-R21 J X1 1/23/25/2 7/2 3/2 P1-R21 R2-Q1 1/2 3/2 5/2 9/2 R2-P21 3/2 5/2 A→E' photon energy (cm -1 ) We have used our 0.1cm -1 lasers to almost isolate the J=1/2 state! (Impossible with 1 resonant step.) We now have a blue diode laser and will start scanning with 10 MHz resolution in the next few weeks We have yet to rotationally cool. (Bigger pumps await promised DOE money. Program in limbo until Congress approves the Energy and Water appropriations bill.)

44 The University of Oklahoma X→A Saturation Curve (A→E' fluence at 0.12 J/cm 2 ) Signal Intensity (a.u.) 0 5 fluence of X→A laser radiaion (mJ/cm 2 ) ~40mJ/cm 2 of 0.1cm -1 light to saturate X→A ionization step at 437nm. A-state lifetime 3  S X→A transition may be saturatuated with ~15mW/mm 2 diode laser radiation

45 The University of Oklahoma A→E' Saturation Curve (X→A fluence at 43 mJ/cm 2 ) fluence of A→E' laser radiaion (J/cm 2 ) Signal Intensity (a.u.) 0 5 radiation driving both A→E' and E'→PbF + ionization step saturated A→E' step saturated 12J/cm 2 to saturate A→E'→PbF + ionization step at 441nm. E' lifetime <5ns can not be ionized with cw laser radiation

46 The University of Oklahoma TIMING FOR OPTIMIZED PbF DETECTION 02usec 437nm X→A diode laser radiation. 6usec 10mW/mm 2 cw 442nm A → E' → PbF + pulse laser radiation 10 mJ/mm 2, 10-100ns 208 PbF ion signal 100-1000Hz

47 The University of Oklahoma 2mm (x 0.1mm) laser radiation PbF beam rep rate 10 Hz Current set up.

48 The University of Oklahoma 100 mm (x 0.1mm) rep rate 1000 Hz PbF beam Improvement over current spectra: OPTIMIZED DETECTION OF PbF

49 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) X 1 2  1/2 (F=1) A 2  1/2 (F=1) |M|=1 M=0

50 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) X 1 2  1/2 (F=1) A 2  1/2 (F=1) |M|=1 M=0

51 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) M=0 400MHz |M|=1

52 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) M=0 400MHz |M|=1

53 The University of Oklahoma Requirements for large Rabi population amplitude in Raman pumping from a state A to a state B (1)  of lasers on resonance.   A B C (2) At least 1 state C that couples to both A and B. (3) A finely tuned ratio of A-C to B-C coupling.

54 The University of Oklahoma P M=0 P |M|=1 M=0 |M|=1 X 1 2   A 2   E DC   k = B RF,effective ^ ^^ P M=0 P |M|=1  = 0  =  /2

55 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state)

56 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state)

57 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) PROBE+

58 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) PROBE+

59 The University of Oklahoma optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) PROBE+

60 The University of Oklahoma PROBE- optical polarization (create M=0 state) high-field region Raman-RF pump probe + probe - LIF or REMPI detection region (probe M=0 state) reverse sign with changing E. ^ small, E even ^

61 The University of Oklahoma Using Ramsey fringes to lock the electric field: RF1 RF2  RF1 fixed to a frequency standard.  RF2 =  RF1 +  Q S S zero crossing independent of ±M phase

62 The University of Oklahoma A totally different idea: Guided PbF molecules in a Coaxial cable Raman-RF LIF imaging detector polarizatiing laser radiation Raman-RF LIF image  EDM 1 to 100 meters Disadvantages: Must use LIF detection g=0.017 (not zero) Advantage: long (~1second) coherence time

63 The University of Oklahoma Conclusions We have found a system for which the effect of background magnetic fields may be suppressed by seven orders of magnitude. We have developed a source of PbF as well as sensitive state selective REMPI of the molecule. We are designing a beam machine to take advantage of this new system.

64 The University of Oklahoma THANKS TO: Chris McRaven, Sivakumar Poopalasingam, Milinda Rupasinghe Graduate Students: Chris Crowe, Dustin Combs, Chris Bares Undergraduate Students: Professor George Kalbfleisch: March 14, 1931 - September 12 2006

65 The University of Oklahoma The University of Oklahoma Neil Shafer-Ray Kim Milton John Furneaux Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Victor Ezhov Mikhail Kozlov University of Latvia Marcis Auzinsch BNL Chemistry Greg Hall Trevor Sears U Cal Berkeley Dmitry Budker And thanks to the e-EDM COLLABORATION

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