1. Chapter 5 – Sensation & Perception Sensation = reception of stimuli Perception = interpretation of those stimuli

2. I.Smell & Taste Sensitive by birth Activity level - internal - external

3. Facial expression Orientation Preference Habituation

4. Discriminate odors/tastes - all 4 taste categories (prefer sweet) - many odors Importance - prefer stimuli related to breastfeeding - enhances survival

5. II.Touch Reflex responses shows tactile perception from birth Pain perception grows born with poor pain perception develops rapidly

6. No experience of pain in the womb Softens birth experience Heart rate increases in response to pain Crying specific pain cry or just more & louder

7. Importance Attachment - tactile contact with parent helps build relationship - orphans/preemies with little tactile stimulation fail to develop properly

8. Learning - by handling object, learn about world - brain structures & body develop

9. III.Hearing Good at birth; excellent by 6 months - perfected through exposure to sounds Head orientation Activity level

10. 4 Factors infants can discriminate Pitch - better at higher pitches “motherese” Duration - differentiate between sounds of similar duration - helps learn language

11. Location - improve with experience - test via sound in darkened room Distance - tell how far something is - reach for noisy object in dark?

12. Importance Locate objects Perceive human speech Perceive danger

13. IV.Sight Fuzzy at birth - improves quickly

14. Testing Vision Tracking - following objects with eyes

15. Optokinetic nystagmus - eye movements when watching a moving object - shows acuity

16. Scanning - looking at different parts of object Habituation - look longer at novel stimuli

17. 4 Factors infants can discriminate Brightness Movement Pattern/rules Contrast/edges

18. Importance Bonding via eye contact Perceive face pattern Recognize parents

19. Color Rods & cones - rods on periphery: night vision - cones in center: color & day vision Poor at birth - see black, white, some red - good at 2-3 months

20. Depth Sensitive by 2 months - visual cliff 4 visual cues to depth Kinetic - movement - by 5 months

21. Binocular - difference in images in left & right eyes - by 7 months Perspective - lines moving together indicate distance

22. Texture - less detail & space between objects indicates depth “Texture gradient” - by 7 months

23. Integration of senses Vision & touch - if touched hidden object, recognize it visually - by < 6 months Vision & hearing - look at location of noisy object in dark room - ~ 3 weeks

24. Ways of Learning I.Habituation React to new a stimulus Reaction dulls ->Learn the stimulus = habituation & discriminate from others Importance - attention to significant threats

25. II.Classical Conditioning - Pavlov Unconditioned stimulus & response - US = stimulus that naturally evokes a reaction - UR = the natural reaction Conditioned stimulus & response - something always occurs just prior to the US (temporal proximity — cue)

26. - learn the association between the cue and the US - same reaction to the cue (the CS) Superstitious behavior - perceiving a temporal link that is coincidental - fears, prejudice, phobias

27. Extinction - to eliminate the CR - present CS many times with no US - people eventually quit responding - but: people resist extinction - violates rules/patterns

28. Importance - survival behaviors can be classically conditioned - preparedness

29. III.Operant Conditioning - Skinner Rewards & punishments ->behavior Use operant conditioning to measure infants’ perceptions & what infants can learn

30. IV.Observational Learning - Bandura Learn by imitating models Integration of 2+ senses - use of games Skills, socialization, & language

31. Do newborns imitate? - newborns sticking out tongue - or not until ~ 8 weeks