1. Life Science I 83.101.201 Dr. Ekaterina (Kate) Vorotnikova Office: Olsen 413b E-mail: Ekaterina_Vorotnikova@uml.eduEkaterina_Vorotnikova@uml.edu Lecture 36 Hominoids (apes) and Hominid Evolution (Pages: 402-407)

2. The mammalian order Primates includes the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. Humans are members of the ape group –Primates arose as small arboreal mammals before 65 million years ago Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations –Shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation –Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible –Sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation –A short snout and forward-pointing eyes enhance depth perception The human story begins with our primate heritage Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Lemurs, lorises, and pottos Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans 0 Millions of years ago 102030405060 Ancestral primate Anthropoids Monkeys Hominoids (apes) A phylogenetic tree shows that all primates are divided into three groups

4. Hominoids include humans and four other groups of apes Gibbons are the only fully arboreal apes. Live in southeast Asia They are monogamous

5. Orangutans are shy and solitary and live in rain- forest trees and the forest floor of Sumatra and Borneo.

6. Gorillas, the largest of the apes, are fully terrestrial. They are 2 m tall and weigh about 200 kg (440 lb). Found in African rain forests.

7. Chimpanzees make and use tools Humans and chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor between 5 and 7 million years ago. They share 99% of their genes.

8. HOMINID EVOLUTION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Homo ergaster ? Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Kenyanthropus platyops Ardipithecus ramidus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis Millions of years ago 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 5.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 6.5 The oldest possible hominid yet discovered, Sakelanthropus tchadensis, lived about 7 to 6 million years ago. The fossil record suggests that hominid diversity increased dramatically between 4 to 2 million years ago. The hominid branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old

10. Ancient footprints Upright posture evolved long before an enlarged brain Bipedalism arose 4 million years ago in the first australopiths A large brain evolved later What is the evidence for this? Evidence from fossil trackways. Evidence from hominid fossils.

11. Homo sapiens has a brain size of around 1350 cc, triple that of australopiths. Homo habilis (2.4 million years ago) had a brain size of 500–800 cc Their fossils are found with stone tools Homo ergaster (1.9–1.6 million years ago) had a brain size ranging from 850–1,100 cc Their fossils associated with more sophisticated stone tools Their long, slender legs were adapted for long-distance walking Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo

12. Homo erectus, with a brain volume of around 1,000 cc, was the first hominid to leave Africa. Neanderthals lived in Europe until 30,000– 40,000 years ago and were sympatric with our Cro-Magnon ancestors Neanderthals were muscular and robust, with a brain that was similar in size but distinct in shape to the human brain Neanderthals had large noses, heavy brows and cheekbones, and hunting tools made of stone and wood. Neanderthals and our human ancestors diverged half a million years ago

13. Approximate range of Neanderthals  35,000 years ago 30,000–35,000 years ago  30,000 years ago Key Europe Africa Neander Valley Original discovery Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Sea

14. –Did Neanderthals interbreed with Cro- Magnons? –A 1997 analysis of mtDNA isolated from Neanderthal bones suggests that they were a distinct species from modern humans –The last common ancestor to humans and Neanderthals lived 500,000 years ago –There is a current project to sequence Neanderthal DNA Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. –Analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosomes suggest that –All living humans inherited their mtDNA from a woman who lived 160,000–200,000 years ago –All living humans diverged from a common African ancestor From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. North America South America Australia Asia Europe Africa 100,000 BP 40,000 BP 50–60,000 BP >40,000 BP (50–60,000?) 15–35,000 BP Our species emerged from Africa in one or more waves, migrating to Asia 50– 60,000 years ago and then to Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia The capacity for creativity and symbolic thought may have triggered human evolution

17. Hominids and ape populations split about 5 million years ago in Africa. For most of these 5 million years, several hominid species coexisted at any one time. The first human adaptation to appear in the fossil record is the ability to walk upright in Australopithecine fossils. Evidence for expanding brain size and increased tool use appears in Homo habilis. Homo erectus migrated out of Africa. Modern humans emerged about 160,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa by 50,000 years ago.

18. The fossilized remains of the primate (47 mln year old) are on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Preserved in Germany's Messel Pit, "Ida" is the most complete fossil primate ever found. It measures approximately 3 feet in length.

19. A re-creation of the A. afarensis known as Lucy brings us face-to- face with one of our earliest and best known ancestors. In 1974 a team led by paleoanthropologist Donald C. Johanson caught the first sight of Lucy's elbow protruding from gravelly sediments. Dated at 3.2 million years ago, the set of fossilized bones found in the badlands of Hadar, Ethiopia, proved to be a groundbreaking find. At the time Lucy was the oldest and most complete early human fossil ever found. Her pelvic and leg bones indicated that she had walked upright. Lucy's species was given the name Australopithecus afarensis in 1978. The species is believed to be the common ancestor of all later human species, including modern humans.

20. Lucy’s skull

21. Lucy’s skeleton

22. Lucy(right) – the oldest hominid who lived 3.2 million years ago. Priscilla Presley- left

23. A re-creation of an A. afarensis male exhibits what experts believe were the apelike features of our ancient ancestors. With a protruding jaw, strong chewing muscles, expansive cheekbones, and a heavy brow, such a skull is thought to have held a brain about one-third the size of a modern human's.

24. The 3.3 million-year-old skull of a female Australopithecus afarensis was recently unearthed by paleoanthropologist Zeresenay Alemseged 22 years after the discovery of "Lucy," the most famous fossil of the early human species. Some experts have taken to calling the young ape, who died at the age of three, Lucy's baby, despite the fact that the toddler's fossil is tens of thousands of years older. The new fossil will provide scientists with a crucial piece of evidence that was missing from the Lucy find. The baby's skull and skeleton not only represent arguably the best example of A. afarensis found to date, but unlike Lucy the child's fossil includes fingers, a foot, a complete torso, and a face.

25. The Littlest Human Current Issues in Biology, Volume 3 Scientific American

26. The Littlest Human

27. The Indonesian island of Flores has revealed more than one archeological surprise. The Littlest Human

28. Stone artifacts 840,000 years old suggest that Homo erectus, an archaic human species, made the sea crossing to Flores well before archeologists thought possible. Researchers hoping to learn about subsequent H. erectus habitation of Flores discovered 18,000 year-old remains of Homo floresiensis, the “littlest human.” Liang Bua cave, site of H. florensienses remains. The Littlest Human

29. The decision how to classify H. floresiensis was difficult because the fossil shows a surprising mix of characteristics. The small size of H. floresiensis is hypothesized to be an outcome of the island rule – a reduction in size of large mammals that evolve on islands with limited food supply. The Littlest Human

30. H. floresiensis apparently did big things with a little brain, including crafting sophisticated stone tools and hunting elephants, an activity that required group coordination and most likely language.

31. The Littlest Human The skull of a hobbit-size hominid was on display in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2004.

32. The Littlest Human The extinct hominids commonly known as hobbits may have been small of body and brain, but their feet were exceptionally long, and they were flat. Scientists, completing the first detailed analysis of the hominid’s foot bones, say the findings bolster their controversial interpretation that these individuals belonged to a primitive population distinct from modern humans that lived as recently as 17,000 years ago on the Indonesian island of Flores.

33. The Littlest Human Not all agree with assigning the fossilized remains to a new species of human. Alternative hypotheses include microcephaly of a modern human or H. erectus, and H. floresienses as an offshoot of even more ancient hominid species.

34. Concept Review The Littlest Human The claim that a creature with the cranial capacity of H. floresiensis fashioned the advanced tools found near the fossil is highly controversial. Tools found at same level of Liang Bua cave as H. floresienses remains.

35. Concept Review The Littlest Human If H. floresiensis is a distinct species, then there may have been three human species coexisting in South Asia for at least 15,000 years. Human species possibly coexisting in Southeast Asia.

36. An 11.9-million-year-old fossil ape species with an unusually flat, "surprisingly human" face has been found in Spain. The discovery suggests humans' ape ancestors split from primitive apes in Europe, not Africa—the so-called cradle of humanity - June 2009.