1. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 1 Introduction: Low Emittance Muon Collider, New 6D Cooling Ideas, and MANX Rol Johnson Muons, Inc. http://www.muonsinc.com/

2. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 2 High-Energy High-Luminosity Muon Colliders Are precision lepton machines at the energy frontier Are precision lepton machines at the energy frontier Affordable with new inventions and new technology Affordable with new inventions and new technology Can take advantage of ILC advances Can take advantage of ILC advances Can be achieved in physics-motivated stages Can be achieved in physics-motivated stages And MANX is a first step toward developing the beam cooling required for a muon collider And MANX is a first step toward developing the beam cooling required for a muon collider Muons, Inc.

3. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 3 Basic Ideas A six-dimensional (6D) ionization cooling channel based on helical magnets surrounding RF cavities filled with dense hydrogen gas is the basis for our plan to build muon colliders. A six-dimensional (6D) ionization cooling channel based on helical magnets surrounding RF cavities filled with dense hydrogen gas is the basis for our plan to build muon colliders. This helical cooling channel (HCC) has solenoidal, helical dipole, and helical quadrupole magnetic fields, where emittance exchange is achieved by using a continuous homogeneous absorber. This helical cooling channel (HCC) has solenoidal, helical dipole, and helical quadrupole magnetic fields, where emittance exchange is achieved by using a continuous homogeneous absorber. Momentum-dependent path length differences in the hydrogen energy absorber provide the required correlation between momentum and ionization loss to accomplish longitudinal cooling. Momentum-dependent path length differences in the hydrogen energy absorber provide the required correlation between momentum and ionization loss to accomplish longitudinal cooling. Recent studies of an 800 MHz RF cavity pressurized with hydrogen, as would be used in this application, show that the maximum gradient is not limited by a large external magnetic field, unlike vacuum cavities.Recent studies of an 800 MHz RF cavity pressurized with hydrogen, as would be used in this application, show that the maximum gradient is not limited by a large external magnetic field, unlike vacuum cavities. (Talk by Mahzad BastaniNejad tomorrow)(Talk by Mahzad BastaniNejad tomorrow) Crucial radiation tests of HP RF depend on the MTA beamline.Crucial radiation tests of HP RF depend on the MTA beamline. New cooling ideas, such as Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling and Reverse Emittance Exchange, will be employed to further reduce transverse emittances to a few mm-mr to allow high luminosity with fewer muons. New cooling ideas, such as Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling and Reverse Emittance Exchange, will be employed to further reduce transverse emittances to a few mm-mr to allow high luminosity with fewer muons. Present concepts for a 1.5 to 5 TeV center of mass collider with average luminosity greater than 10 34 /s-cm 2 include ILC RF to accelerate positive and negative muons in a 10-pass RLA. Present concepts for a 1.5 to 5 TeV center of mass collider with average luminosity greater than 10 34 /s-cm 2 include ILC RF to accelerate positive and negative muons in a 10-pass RLA. a new precooling idea based on a HCC with z dependent fields is being developed for MANX, an exceptional 6D cooling experiment. a new precooling idea based on a HCC with z dependent fields is being developed for MANX, an exceptional 6D cooling experiment. Muons, Inc.

4. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 4 New inventions, new possibilities Muon beams can be cooled to a few mm-mr (normalized) Muon beams can be cooled to a few mm-mr (normalized) allows HF RF (implies Muon machines and ILC synergy)allows HF RF (implies Muon machines and ILC synergy) Muon recirculation in ILC cavities => high energy, lower cost Muon recirculation in ILC cavities => high energy, lower cost Each cavity used 10 times for both muon chargesEach cavity used 10 times for both muon charges Potential 20x efficiency wrt ILC approach offset byPotential 20x efficiency wrt ILC approach offset by Muon cooling Muon cooling Recirculating arcs Recirculating arcs Muon decay implications for detectors, magnets, and radiation Muon decay implications for detectors, magnets, and radiation A low-emittance high-luminosity collider A low-emittance high-luminosity collider high luminosity with fewer muonshigh luminosity with fewer muons First LEMC goal: E com =5 TeV, =10 35First LEMC goal: E com =5 TeV, =10 35 Revised goal is 1.5 TeV to complement the LHCRevised goal is 1.5 TeV to complement the LHC Many new ideas in the last 5 years. A new ball game! Many new ideas in the last 5 years. A new ball game! (many new ideas have been developed with DOE SBIR funding) (many new ideas have been developed with DOE SBIR funding) Muons, Inc.

5. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro5 Neutrino Factory use of 8 GeV SC Linac ~ 700m Active Length 8 GeV Linac Target and Muon Cooling Channel Recirculating Linac for Neutrino Factory Bunching Ring Beam cooling allows muons to be recirculated in the same linac that accelerated protons for their creation, Running the Linac CW can put a lot of cold muons into a small aperture neutrino factory storage ring. Muons, Inc.

6. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro6 Muon Collider use of 8 GeV SC Linac ~ 700m Active Length 8 GeV Linac Target and Muon Cooling Channel Recirculating Linac for Neutrino Factory Bunching Ring Or a coalescing ring can prepare more intense bunches for a muon collider µ + to RLA µ - to RLA 23 GeV Coalescing Ring Muons, Inc.

7. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro7 5 TeV ~ SSC energy reach ~5 X 2.5 km footprint Affordable LC length (5 km), includes ILC people, ideas More efficient use of RF: recirculation and both signs High L from small emittance! with fewer muons than originally imagined: a) easier p driver, targetry b) less detector background c) less site boundary radiation Beams from 23 GeV Coalescing Ring Muons, Inc.

8. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 8 Helical Cooling Channel Continuous, homogeneous energy absorber for longitudinal cooling Helical Dipole magnet component for dispersion Solenoidal component for focusing Helical Quadrupole for stability and increased acceptance BNL Helical Dipole magnet for AGS spin control Muons, Inc.

9. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 9 Two Different Designs of Helical Cooling Magnet Siberian snake type magnet Consists of 4 layers of helix dipole to produce tapered helical dipole fields. Coil diameter is 1.0 m. Maximum field is more than 10 T. Helical solenoid coil magnet Consists of 73 single coils (no tilt). Maximum field is 5 T Coil diameter is 0.5 m. Large bore channel (conventional) Small bore channel (helical solenoid) Great new innovation! See Mike Lamm Muons, Inc.

10. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 10 6-Dimensional Cooling in a Continuous Absorber Helical cooling channel (HCC) Helical cooling channel (HCC) Continuous absorber for emittance exchangeContinuous absorber for emittance exchange Solenoidal, transverse helical dipole and quadrupole fieldsSolenoidal, transverse helical dipole and quadrupole fields Helical dipoles known from Siberian SnakesHelical dipoles known from Siberian Snakes z- and time-independent Hamiltonianz- and time-independent Hamiltonian Derbenev & Johnson, Theory of HCC, April/05 PRST-ABDerbenev & Johnson, Theory of HCC, April/05 PRST-AB http://www.muonsinc.com/reports/PRSTAB-HCCtheory.pdf http://www.muonsinc.com/reports/PRSTAB-HCCtheory.pdf Muons, Inc.

11. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro11 6D Cooling factor ~ 50,000 G4BL (Geant4) results

12. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro12 Aside: why an experiment is needed Acceptance and cooling factor very much affected by tails; MuScat data improve cooling factor relative to Geant model by more than factor of 3.

13. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 13 Particle Motion in Helical Magnet Blue: Beam envelope Red: Reference orbit Magnet Center Combined function magnet (invisible in this picture) Solenoid + Helical dipole + Helical Quadrupole Dispersive component makes longer path length for higher momentum particles and shorter path length for lower momentum particles. Muons, Inc. Opposing radial forcesTransforming to the frame of the rotating helical dipole leads to a time and z – independent Hamiltonian

14. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro14 Some Important Relationships Hamiltonian Solution Equal cooling decrements Longitudinal cooling only Momentum slip factor ~ Muons, Inc.

15. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro15 Precooler + HCCs With first engineering constraints See Katsuya Yonehara! Solenoid + High Pressurized RF Precooler Series of HCCs The acceptance is sufficiently big. Transverse emittance can be smaller than longitudinal emittance. Emittance grows in the longitudinal direction. Muons, Inc.

16. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro16 Incorporate RF cavity in helical solenoid coil parameter s  Bzbdbqbsf Inner d of coilMaximum bErf phase unitm TTT/mT/m2GHzcmSnake | SlinkyMV/mdegree 1st HCC1.61.0-4.31.0-0.20.50.450.012.0 | 6.016.0140.0 2nd HCC1.0 -6.81.5-0.31.40.825.017.0 | 8.016.0140.0 3rd HCC0.51.0-13.63.1-0.63.81.612.534.0 | 17.016.0140.0 Use a pillbox cavity (but no window this time). RF frequency is determined by the size of helical solenoid coil.  Diameter of 400 MHz cavity = 50 cm  Diameter of 800 MHz cavity = 25 cm  Diameter of 1600 MHz cavity = 12.5 cm Diameter of RF cavity The pressure of gaseous hydrogen is 200 atm to adjust the RF field gradient to be a practical value.  The field gradient can be increased if the breakdown would be well suppressed by the high pressurized hydrogen gas. Muons, Inc.

17. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 17 Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling x Excite ½ integer parametric resonance (in Linac or ring) Like vertical rigid pendulum or ½-integer extraction Like vertical rigid pendulum or ½-integer extraction Elliptical phase space motion becomes hyperbolic Elliptical phase space motion becomes hyperbolic Use xx’=const to reduce x, increase x’ Use xx’=const to reduce x, increase x’ Use IC to reduce x’ Use IC to reduce x’ Detuning issues being addressed (chromatic and spherical aberrations, space-charge tune spread). Simulations underway. Smaller beams from 6D HCC cooling essential for this to work! X’ X X Muons, Inc.

18. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 18 Reverse Emittance Exchange, Coalescing p(cooling)=100MeV/c, p(colliding)=2.5 TeV/c => room in Δp/p space p(cooling)=100MeV/c, p(colliding)=2.5 TeV/c => room in Δp/p space Shrink the transverse dimensions of a muon beam to increase the luminosity of a muon collider using wedge absorbers Shrink the transverse dimensions of a muon beam to increase the luminosity of a muon collider using wedge absorbers Allow bunch length to increase to size of low beta Allow bunch length to increase to size of low beta Low energy space charge, beam loading, wake fields problems avoided Low energy space charge, beam loading, wake fields problems avoided 20 GeV Bunch coalescing in a ring Neutrino factory and muon collider now have a common path 20 GeV Bunch coalescing in a ring Neutrino factory and muon collider now have a common path Evacuated Dipole Wedge Abs Incident Muon Beam pp t Concept of Reverse Emittance Exch. 1.3 GHz Bunch Coalescing at 20 GeV RF Drift Cooled at 100 MeV/c RF at 20 GeV Coalesced in 20 GeV ring Muons, Inc.

19. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 19 Muon Collider Emittances and Luminosities After: After: PrecoolingPrecooling Basic HCC 6DBasic HCC 6D Parametric-resonance ICParametric-resonance IC Reverse Emittance ExchangeReverse Emittance Exchange ε N tr ε N long. ε N tr ε N long. 20,000µm10,000 µm 200 µm 100 µm 200 µm 100 µm 25 µm 100 µm 2µm 2 cm At 2.5 TeV on 2.5 TeV 20 Hz Operation: Muons, Inc. (Vladimir Shiltsev showed 1.5 TeV COM case). Many things get easier as E increases!

20. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 20 Yonehara HCC Fernow-Neuffer Plot Initial point Muons, Inc. PIC REMEX +coalescing HCC Cooling required for 5 TeV COM, 10 35 Luminosity Collider. Need to also look at losses from muon decay to get power on target. Higher magnetic fields from HTS can get required HCC performance.

21. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 21 new ideas under development: H 2 -Pressurized RF Cavities Continuous Absorber for Emittance Exchange Helical Cooling Channel Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling Reverse Emittance Exchange RF capture, phase rotation, cooling in HP RF Cavities Bunch coalescing Very High Field Solenoidal magnets for better cooling Z-dependent HCC MANX 6d Cooling Demo Besides these SBIR-STTR supported projects, note that Bob Palmer, Rick Fernow, and Steve Kahn have another path to low emittance. Muons, Inc.

22. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro22 Relationships revisited for z and p-dependent HCC Hamiltonian Solution Equal cooling decrements Longitudinal cooling only Momentum slip factor ~ As long as this stability condition is satisfied, the average beam momentum can be changed and the theory still applies. Muons, Inc.

23. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 23 Z-dependent HCC Can modify field parameters to maintain stability for cases where one would like the momentum and/or radius of the equilibrium orbit to change for various purposes. Examples include: 1) precooler to cool a muon beam as it decelerates by energy loss in a continuous, homogeneous absorber, where the cooling can be all transverse, all longitudinal, or any combination; 2) device similar to a precooler, but used as a full 6-dimensional muon cooling demonstration experiment (MANX); 3) transition section between two HCC sections with different diameters. For example, this can be used when the RF frequency can be increased once the beam is sufficiently cold to allow smaller and more effective cavities and magnetic coils; and 4) alternative HCC to original filled with pressurized RF cavities. In this alternate case, the muons would lose a few hundred MeV/c in a HCC section with momentum dependent fields and then pass through RF cavities to replenish the lost energy, where this sequence could be repeated several times. 5) means to increase the rate of stopping muons for rare muon decay searches (mu2e). 6) muon decay channel. The HCC is the equivalent of a synchrotron in that it has an effective gamma-t such that a momentum slip factor is one of its characteristics. Allows muons to be coalesced into a single bunch for a muon collider. Muons, Inc.

24. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 24 HCC Vacuum Decay Channel HCC LH 2 Precooler Muons, Inc.

25. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 25 Updated Letter of Intent to Propose MANX, A 6D MUON BEAM COOLING EXPERIMENT Robert Abrams 1, Mohammad Alsharo’a 1, Charles Ankenbrandt 2, Emanuela Barzi 2, Kevin Beard 3, Alex Bogacz 3, Daniel Broemmelsiek 2, Alan Bross 2, Yu-Chiu Chao 3, Mary Anne Cummings 1, Yaroslav Derbenev 3, Henry Frisch 4, Stephen Geer 2, Ivan Gonin 2, Gail Hanson 5, Martin Hu 2, Andreas Jansson 2*, Rolland Johnson 1*,* Stephen Kahn 1, Daniel Kaplan 6, Vladimir Kashikhin 2, Sergey Korenev 1, Moyses Kuchnir 1, Mike Lamm 2, Valeri Lebedev 2, David Neuffer 2, David Newsham 1, Milorad Popovic 2, Robert Rimmer 3, Thomas Roberts 1, Richard Sah 1, Vladimir Shiltsev 2, Linda Spentzouris 6, Alvin Tollestrup 2, Daniele Turrioni 2, Victor Yarba 2, Katsuya Yonehara 2, Cary Yoshikawa 2, Alexander Zlobin 2 1 Muons, Inc. 2 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 3 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 4 University of Chicago 5 University of California at Riverside 6 Illinois Institute of Technology * * Contact, rol@muonsinc.com, (757) 870-6943rol@muonsinc.com * * Contact, jansson@fnal.gov, (630) 840-2824jansson@fnal.gov

26. Rol - 8/8/2007AAC MANX Intro26 MANX parts Muons, Inc. Features:Z-dependent HCC (fields diminish as muons slow in LHe) Normalized emittance to characterize cooling No RF for simplicity (at least in first stage) LHe instead of LH2 for safety concerns Use ~300 MeV/c muon beam Present Efforts: Designing/building 3 or 4-coil helical solenoid prototype Simulating the experiment with G4MANX with scifi Improving the matching sections See Andreas Jansson for work in progress

27. Rol - 8/8/2007 AAC MANX Intro 27 MANX Draft LoI Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Synopsis Synopsis Synopsis Overview and History Muon Collider (Eliana Gianfelice-Wendt) Overview and History Muon Collider (Eliana Gianfelice-Wendt) Overview and History Overview and History Experimental Goals Experimental Goals Experimental Goals Experimental Goals Simulation VerificationSimulation VerificationSimulation VerificationSimulation Verification Emittance Exchange in a Continuous, Homogeneous AbsorberEmittance Exchange in a Continuous, Homogeneous AbsorberEmittance Exchange in a Continuous, Homogeneous AbsorberEmittance Exchange in a Continuous, Homogeneous Absorber High Pressure RF and the Continuous Absorber Concept (Mahzad BastaniNejad) High Pressure RF and the Continuous Absorber Concept (Mahzad BastaniNejad) High Pressure RF and the Continuous Absorber Concept High Pressure RF and the Continuous Absorber Concept Helical Cooling ChannelHelical Cooling ChannelHelical Cooling ChannelHelical Cooling Channel Recent HCC Simulations with Engineering Contraints (Katsuya Yonehara) Recent HCC Simulations with Engineering Contraints (Katsuya Yonehara) Recent HCC Simulations with Engineering Contraints Recent HCC Simulations with Engineering Contraints Momentum-dependent HCCMomentum-dependent HCCMomentum-dependent HCCMomentum-dependent HCC HCC Precooling Examples HCC Precooling Examples HCC Precooling Examples HCC Precooling Examples Stopping Muons Beams Stopping Muons Beams Stopping Muons Beams Stopping Muons Beams Helical Solenoid Magnet Technology (Mike Lamm)Helical Solenoid Magnet Technology (Mike Lamm)Helical Solenoid Magnet TechnologyHelical Solenoid Magnet Technology Emittance Matching to the Helical Solenoid Emittance Matching to the Helical Solenoid Emittance Matching to the Helical Solenoid Emittance Matching to the Helical Solenoid MANX Status MANX Status MANX Status MANX Status Experimental ConceptExperimental ConceptExperimental ConceptExperimental Concept Simulations (Katsuya Yonehara)Simulations (Katsuya Yonehara)Simulations G4Beamline G4Beamline G4Beamline G4MANX G4MANX G4MANX HCC Magnet Development (Mike Lamm)HCC Magnet Development (Mike Lamm)HCC Magnet DevelopmentHCC Magnet Development 4-Coil test for the MANX HCC. 4-Coil test for the MANX HCC. 4-Coil test for the MANX HCC. 4-Coil test for the MANX HCC. Location, Location (Andreas Jansson)Location, Location (Andreas Jansson)Location, LocationLocation, Location Beamline Possibilities Beamline Possibilities Beamline Possibilities Beamline Possibilities Detector DevelopmentDetector DevelopmentDetector DevelopmentDetector Development 5 ps Time of Flight 5 ps Time of Flight 5 ps Time of Flight 5 ps Time of Flight SciFi in LHe SciFi in LHe SciFi in LHe SciFi in LHe SiPM SiPM SiPM Collaboration and Governance Collaboration and Governance Collaboration and Governance Collaboration and Governance Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions