2. UNIT 2 (1877-1917) BRIDGE TO THE 20 TH CENTURY

3. CHAPTER 5 CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER

4. SECTION 1 CULTURE CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE

5. MAIN THEME: THE PURSUIT OF ECONOMIC OPPURTUNITY LEADS SETTLERS TO PUSH WESTWARD, FORCING CONFRONTATION WITH ESTABLISHED NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES

7. EASTERN PLAINS OSAGE IOWA AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES

8. TIPIS WIGWAMS

9. WESTERN PLAINS SIOUX CHEYENNE NOMADIC TRIBES HUNTED GATHERED

10. SIOX CHIEF – RED CLOUD

11. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HORSE AND BUFFALO SPANISH BROUGHT HORSES HORSE INCREASED… HUNTING AREAS TRIBAL CONFLICTS

12. BUFFALO PROVIDED MANY NEEDS FOOD SHELTER CLOTHES TOOLS TOYS FUEL

13. BUFFALO JUMPS OR BUFFALO KILLS

14. NUMBER AND LOCATION OF BUFFALO

15. NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILY LIFE SMALL EXTENDED FAMILIES COMMUNAL LIVING CHIEFS RULED BY POPULAR SUPPORT BELIEF IN CONTROLLING SPIRITS MEDICINE MEN / SHAMANS

16. REASONS WHY SETTLERS PUSHED WEST AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

17. #1 GOLD AND SILVER CALIFORNIA (1849) COLORADO NORTH DAKOTA ALASKA

20. #2 DESIRE FOR LAND HOMESTEAD ACT (1862) 160 ACRES FREE (STAY FOR 5 YEARS) 400,000 FAMILIES BY 1900

21. #3 INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION PACIFIC RAILROAD ACT (1862) LOANS/LAND TO R.R. TRANSCONTINENTAL RR LAND OFTEN SOLD TO INDIVIDUALS

23. Promontory, Utah, May 10, 1869.

24. U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTIONS ON NATIVE AMERICANS 1834 GREAT PLAINS A RESERVATION WHITE MIGRATION GOES WEST TRIBES ASSIGNED TO SPECIFIC AREAS

25. CONFLICT INTENSIFIES BATTLES & MASSACRE BLACK HILLS “CUSTER’S LAST STAND” DAWES ACT ASSIMILATION “AMERICANIZATION” GHOST DANCE MOVEMENT BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE 1890

27. Cattle Becomes Big Business LONGHORN CATTLE INTRODUCED BY SPANISH REPLACED BUFFALO THE FIRST “COWBOYS” WERE SPAN. / MEX.

29. THE GROWTH OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY DEMAND FOR BEEF INCREASED POST CIVIL WAR URBAN AREAS RAILROADS LINKED PLAINS TO CITIES STOCKYARDS DEVELOPED ABILENE, KANSAS

31. THE TRUTH ABOUT COWBOYS l 50-60,000 “COWBOYS” –MOSTLY YOUNG MEN l 25% WERE NON-WHITE l 10-18 HOURS PER DAY l WORKED 2-3 SEASONS –DULL DAILY ROUTINE

33. A COWBOY’S SEASON SPRING STARTS = ROUND-UP BRANDING THE LONG DRIVE (CHISHOLM TRAIL) 3 MONTHS WINTER LAID-OFF/ODD JOBS

35. THE END OF THE CATTLE FRONTIER lOlOVERGRAZING BY CATTLE lRlRANGE WARS –W–WITH EACH OTHER, FARMERS, SHEEP HERDERS lHlHARSH WEATHER –B–BLIZZARDS (1887) lTlTHE OPEN RANGE ENDS –N–NEW HIGH QUALITY CATTLE USED lHlHAY / FEED FARMING –B–BARBED WIRE DEVELOPED