1. FractureFracture by Dr. Nimer Khraim DVMS, BVMS, MVSc

2. Fracture Its break in the surface of bone either a cross its cortex or through its articular surface

3. Fracture Etiology External cause Direct This a common cause of fracture and is usually related to the car accident bending force which exceed the elastic limit of bone result in transverse or short oblique fracture

4. Fracture Torsion force may result in spiral fracture Compressive force transmitted along the access of the bone may result in crushing fracture

5. Fracture Indirect The fracture occur some distance from the force The force of impact is transmitted via the bone and muscle to a weak point in the bone Like lateral condyle fracture of distal humorous

6. Fracture Intrinsic cause Muscle force Sudden contraction of muscle result in epiphyseal separation, tibial crest, subracrenoid tuberosity and olecranon process

7. Fracture Stress Chronic fatigue usually in racing horse due to repeated trauma and overloading result in carpal and hock fracture

8. Fracture Pathological cause Bone weakness due to primary or secondary neoplasia, nutritional bone disease, bone cyst, bone abscess and osteomylitise

9. Fracture Predisposing factor Such as management, spp, sex, hereditary, nutritional and uses

10. Classification of Fracture

11. According to the external wound Simple or closed fracture: no communication with the outside Open or compound fracture: communication with the outside

14. Classification of Fracture According to the extend of bone damage Complete fracture Total disruption of the continuity of the bone with marked displacement Incomplete fracture Little displacement and periosteum in control at the same point

16. Classification of Fracture According to the direction of the fracture Transverse fracture Fracture line at the right angle with the long axesis of the bone Spiral fracture Fracture line curve around the bone

19. Classification of Fracture Communicated fracture More than one fragment with the fracture line meeting at a common point Multiple fracture More than one fragment with no meeting of the fracture line

22. Classification of Fracture According to the location Diaphysial fracture subdivided into Proximal, distal or mid shaft fracture Metaphysical fracture

24. Classification of Fracture Epiphyseal fracture Usually through growth plate and may extend into epiphysis and joint Through growth plate Through growth plate and small corner of metaphysial area

25. Classification of Fracture Through growth plate and extend through epiphysis into joint May involve joint, epiphysis, growth plate, and part of metaphysis Crush of growth plate without displacement

27. Classification of Fracture Intra-articular fracture

29. Classification of Fracture According to the displacement Over-riding: common situation in diaphysis due to muscle force Distracted fracture: muscle force pull fragment part usually in tendon and ligament insertion

32. Classification of Fracture Depressed fracture: skull fracture one fragment push inward Compression fracture: usually collapse fracture in cancellous bone like vertebral body fracture

38. Classification of Fracture Dislocated fracture: displacement of joint may be associative with the fracture like fracture at ulnar and dislocation of radius Impacted fracture: fragment driven into each other like fracture of the acetebulum and femoral head

43. Clinical signs Pain Loss of function Local soft tissue injury with the edema and swilling Deformity Abnormal mobility

44. Diagnosis Case history Clinical signs x-ray