1. Second Part of the Declaration of Independence  “ HE has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly…”  “HE has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies…”  “For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us…”  “For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world…”  “For imposing taxes on us without our consent…”  1. Who is HE?  2. Are these grievances true? Give some examples.  3. Why would Jefferson include these statements in the Declaration of Independence?  4. In your opinion, which grievance was the worst? Give your reason why.

2. Entrance Slip:  Which American document provides a detailed list of charges against King George III, and shows that he violated the colonists' rights? A. Magna Carta B. English Bill of Rights C. Declaration of Independence D. Articles of Confederation

3. Learner Outcome:  You will identify 3 weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

4. What is a Coat of Arms  A coat of arms is a design on a tunic used to cover and protect armor, but the term is more broadly applied to achievement which consists of a shield and certain accessories. In either sense, the design is a symbol unique to a person, family, corporation, or state.

5. United States Coat of Arms The bald eagle is a symbol of the United States of America, because of its long life, great strength and majestic looks It also represent s FREEDOM. 13 arrows represent the 13 original states. Olive Branch symbolizing that the United States of America has "a strong desire for peace, but will always be ready for war." The head is turned towards the olive branch as a preference of peace. E Pluribus Unum – “Out of Many, One"

6. Coat of Arms Australia  The shield contains the badge of each Australian state. In the top half, from left to right, the states represented are: New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. In the bottom S. Australia, W. Australia, Tasmania.  Six of the points on the star represent the original six states, while the seventh point represents the combined territories and any future states of Australia.  Kangaroo and Emu support the shield are the unofficial animal emblems of the nation.

7. Create your own Coat of Arms  In groups of 2, you will create your own Coat of Arms to represent your generation or age group.  The Coat of Arms must include at least 3 symbols:  Examples of symbols: Achievement, Respect, Music, History, Friendship, Love, Family, Hobbies, Education (15-20 minutes)

8. Presentations  Now you will present your Coat of Arms to the class.  You want to pay attention because you will be voting for the Coat of Arms you like best.  9 of the 13 groups must vote in favor of the coat of arms for it to be adopted. (The group that wins gets 5 points extra credit!!!)

9. Discussion  What feelings did you experience as you tried to pass a Coat of Arms?  Why couldn’t the class come to an agreement on a Coat of Arms?  What would have happened if the decision had been based on majority rule?  What are the weaknesses of this type of decision-making system? What are the benefits?  Why might a government institute this type of system?  What do you think might happen in a government with this type of system?

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13. Articles of Confederation After declaring Independence in 1776 the new Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation as their government. They established a WEAK central government and most of the power laid with the states.

14. Learner Outcome To examine the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. United States of America Articles of Confederation THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION = WEAK SAUCE!!!!!!!

15. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Congress (Legislative Branch) Laws were difficult to pass, needing the approval of 9 states. Congress was responsible to the states, not the people. Congress had no power to collect taxes, regulate trade, coin money, or establish a military. Congress had one house. (unicameral) Capitol Building

16. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? President (Executive Branch) The nation did not have a President, or Chief Executive. What are some of the possible problems with this feature? White House

17. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Courts (Judicial Branch) The nation lacked a national court system. What are some of the possible problems with this feature? Supreme Court

18. CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO SETTLE DISPUTES AMONG STATES Why was this included? What are some possible problems with this feature?

19. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO TAX CITIZENS. IT COULD ONLY REQUEST TAX MONEY FROM THE STATES. What are some possible problems with this feature?

20. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO COLLECT STATE DEBTS OWED TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT What are some possible problems with this feature?

21. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? II. Debt Congress could not tax the people and depended on money from the states. Therefore, the U.S. was unable to pay its debts! Examples: - The U.S. owed money to France, Holland, and Spain for loans made during the Revolutionary War. - The U.S. had not paid many of their own soldiers!

22. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? LAWS NEEDED APPROVAL BY 9 OF 13 STATES What are some possible problems with this feature?

23. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?  EACH STATE GOT ONE VOTE  WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS WITH THIS FEATURE?

24. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? ANY AMENDMENTS (CHANGES) TO THE ARTICLES MUST BE APPROVED BY ALL 13 STATES What are some possible problems with this feature?

25. CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO DRAFT AN ARMY. IT COULD ONLY REQUEST STATES TO SEND MEN FOR MILITARY SERVICES. Why was this included? What are some possible problems with this feature?

26. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? I. Currency Issues The United States did not have a common currency. Americans carried money from the federal government, state government, and foreign nations.

27. Exit Slip  All of the following were considered weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT: A. A president with too much power. B. The absence of a judicial branch. C. Congress did not have the power to tax states. D. 9/13 states needed to pass a law.

28. Question 1:  Thomas Hobbes views the state of nature as A. A state of war B.A place where the rights of the people are protected by no one. C.A place where every man is against every man D.All of the above

29. Question 2  Which of the following are the functions of government? A.Establishing order, Providing security and accomplishing common goals. B.Establishing order, providing security and promoting religion C.Establishing order, providing security, and maintaining individual rights D.Establishing order, accomplishing common goals and maintaining the governments economy

30. Question 3  In order for a place to be considered a „nation-state“ it must have a specific territory, a stable population, and: a school system a court system a democracy. a sovereign government.

31. Question 4  Which of the following sources of power claim that God has given a family the right to rule. A.Evolutionary Theory B.Social Contract Theory C.Divine Right Theory D.Force Theory

32. Question 5  Which of the following sources of power claim that people give up some of their freedoms to be provided with government protection? A.Evolutionary Theory B.Social Contract Theory C.Divine Right Theory D.Force Theory

33. Question 6  Which of the following is the best example of a government providing security? A.a library B.a sports complex C.Police station D.a school

34. Question 7  Which of the following is a reason for government to limit individual liberty: to take power away from the people to benefit the common good to benefit the rich to give the government more power

35. Question 8  The Enlightenment philosophers argued that people empower (give authority to) government by A. Writing and enforcing public policy B. Giving the lower class all the power C. Entering a social contract D. Debating common rules society should follow

36. Question 9  The system of government in which power is divided between a central government and local governments is called: A.federalism. B.Anarchy. C.democratic. D.unitary.

37. Question 10 A unitary system of government is characterized by: A.a single, central agency that holds almost all power. B.an alliance of states. C.a division of power between a central agency and several local governments. D.a separation of powers between the 3 branches of government

38. Question 11  Which of the following best describes a confederate government? A weak central government with strong local governments, similar to the Confederacy during the civil war Multiple political groups battling for for control of the government, similar to Afghanistan Powers are divided among a central government and local governments, similar to the United States Powers are all located with a unitary government, similar to Great Britain

39. Question 12  Who has the power in a dictatorship? A.A small group of people B.A single person C.3 branches of government D.A legislature

40. Question 13  A country where the people have no political voice is A.Democratic B.Communist C.Autocratic D.Authoritarian

41. Question 14:  Which of the following best describes what is meant by the idea of a „social contract“ We give up all of our rights for protection You have to sign a contract that allows you to be a part of society, if you commit a crime your contract is no longer good The government, once elected, can do whatever it wants Society gives authority to government and the government provides protection

42. Question 15  Which American document provides a detailed list of complaints against King George III, and shows that he violated the colonists' rights? A.Intolerable Acts B.English Bill of Rights C.Declaration of Independence D.Articles of Confederation

43. Answer the exit slip at the bottom of the page All the following were considered weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation except: A.A president with too much power B.The absence of a judicial branch C.Congress did not have the power to tax D.9/13 to needed to pass a law

44. Your Task:  Please complete your study guide.  You will have until 11:00 before I call you up for a grade.