1. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc. Web Chapter THE ISLM MODEL Mishkin/Serletis The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Fifth Canadian Edition

2. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-2 Learning Objectives 1.Utilize the Keynesian cross model for the determination of aggregate output 2.Apply the Keynesian ISLM model for the determination of aggregate output 3.Evaluate how fiscal policy variables (spending and taxes) and monetary policy variables (the money supply and the interest rate) enter into these models

3. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-3 The ISLM Model Includes money and interest rates in the Keynesian framework Examines an equilibrium where aggregate output equals aggregate demand Assumes fixed price level where nominal and real quantities are the same IS curve is the relationship between equilibrium aggregate output and the interest rate LM curve is the combinations of interest rates and aggregate output for which M D = M S

4. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-4 Equilibrium in the Market for Money: The LM Curve Demand for money called liquidity preference M d /P depends on income (Y) and interest rates (i) Positively related to income –raises the level of transactions –increases wealth Negatively related to interest rates

5. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-5 Equilibrium in the Market for Money: The LM Curve (cont’d) Connects points that satisfy the equilibrium condition that M D = M S For each level of aggregate output, the LM curve tells us what the interest rate must be for equilibrium to occur The economy tends to move toward points on the LM curve

6. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-6 Deriving the LM Curve

7. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-7 ISLM Diagram: Determination of Output and the Interest Rate

8. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-8 Factors that Cause the LM Curve to Shift 1.Changes in the Money Supply 2.Autonomous Changes in Money Demand

9. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-9 Shift in the LM Curve from an increase in the Money Supply

10. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-10 Shift in the LM Curve When Money Demand Increases

11. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-11 Response to a Change in Monetary Policy An increase in the money supply creates an excess supply of money The interest rate declines Investment spending and net exports rise Aggregate demand rises Aggregate output rises The excess supply of money is eliminated Aggregate output is positively related to the money supply

12. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-12 ISLM Diagram: Simultaneous Determination of Output and the Interest Rate

13. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-13 Response to a Change in Fiscal Policy An increase in government spending raises aggregate demand directly; a decrease in taxes makes more income available for spending The increase in aggregate demand cause aggregate output to rise A higher level of aggregate output increases the demand for money

14. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-14 Response to a Change in Fiscal Policy (cont’d) The excess demand for money pushes the interest rate higher The rise in the interest rate eliminates the excess demand for money Aggregate output and the interest rate are positively related to government spending and negatively related to taxes

15. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-15 Response of Aggregate Output and the Interest Rate to an Expansionary Fiscal Policy

16. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-16 Summary

17. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-17 Effectiveness of Monetary Versus Fiscal Policy How can policy makers decide which policies (changing the money supply, changing government spending, or taxes) to use if faced with too much unemployment? In practice, fiscal and monetary policies are used together in the combination known as the policy mix

18. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-18 Monetary Policy Versus Fiscal Policy: The Case of Complete Crowding Out Complete crowding out –expansionary fiscal policy does not lead to a rise in output –increased government spending increases the interest rate and crowds out investment spending and net exports The less interest-sensitive money demand is, the more effective monetary policy is relative to fiscal policy

19. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-19 Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policy When Money Demand Is Unaffected by the Interest Rate

20. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-20 Targeting Money Supply Versus Interest Rates If the IS curve is more unstable (uncertain) than the LM curve, a M s target is preferable If the LM curve is more unstable than the IS curve, an interest-rate target is preferred

21. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-21 Money Supply and Interest-Rate Targets When the IS Curve is Unstable and the LM Curve Is Stable

22. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-22 Money Supply and Interest-Rate Targets When the LM Curve Is Unstable and the IS Curve Is Stable

23. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-23 ISLM Model in the Long Run Natural rate level of output (Y n ) –rate of output at which the price level has no tendency to change The IS curve is based on real values, so when the price level changes, the IS curve does not change The LM curve is affected by the price level –as the price level rises, the quantity of money in real terms falls, and the LM curve shifts to the left until it reaches Y n (long-run monetary neutrality) Neither monetary nor fiscal policy affects output in the long run

24. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.Web-24 ISLM Model in the Long Run