1. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium The AMANDA – IceCube telescopes & Dark Matter searches B. Baret on behalf of the IceCube collaboration bruny.baret@vub.ac.be http://amanda.uci.eduhttp://icecube.wisc.edu 6 th Cracow Epiphany Conference

2. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Physics Motivations and Goals AMANDA IceCube Attractive astronomical messengers: Transparent Universe (≠  ) Travel in straight line (≠p) Produced in hadronic accelerators ? Study of: Sources: AGNs, SNRs, GRBs... -physics (atmospheric production): Oscillations, cross-sections.. “new” physics: WIMPS, decoherence, monopoles...

3. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l The IceCube collaboration USA: Bartol Research Institute, Delaware Univ. of Alabama Pennsylvania State University UC Berkeley UC Irvine Clark-Atlanta University Univ. of Maryland IAS, Princeton University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-River Falls LBNL, Berkeley University of Kansas Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge Sweden: Uppsala Universitet Stockholm Universitet UK: Imperial College, London Oxford University Netherlands: Utrecht University Belgium: Université Libre de Bruxelles Vrije Universiteit Brussel Universiteit Gent Université de Mons-Hainaut Germany: Universität Mainz DESY-Zeuthen Universität Dortmund Universität Wuppertal Humboldt Universität, Berlin Japan: Chiba University New Zealand: University of Canterbury

4. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Where are we ? Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Here! (South pole) IceCube Amanda North Technically North also

5. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Detection principle O(km) long  tracks  O(10m) cascades e,  South Pole Ice properties (@400nm): Scattering:~20m Pointing res. (  ~2°, casc. ~35°) Absorption:~110m Effective volume Background (x E.T. events/year): atmospheric  O(10 9 ) atmospheric O(10 3 ) E.T. atm. p 

6. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Layout IceCube: 1km x1 km² instrumented volume 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) on 80 strings IceTop(air shower array): 1km² instrumented area 160 surface water tanks with 2 DOMs each Amanda: Ø=200m, h=500m (0.02 km³) Amanda B-10: 302 Optical Modules (OMs) on 10 strings (97-99) Amanda II: 677 OMs on 19 strings (00->)

7. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l IceCube Deployment January 2005: First string deployed 60 DOMs installed (and working!) Hot water drilling: 2450 m deep straight within 1m 35-40 hrs per hole Deployment: 2 more strings up to now Expected completion in 2010

8. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l IceCube First Events! IceTop – IceCube String 21 Down going  IceTop tanks

9. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l all-flavor limits ν μ (B10 1yr) ν μ (A-II 4yr) ν μ (A-II 1yr) ν e +ν μ +ν τ (cascades A-II 1yr) ν e +ν μ +ν τ (UHE B10 1yr) ν e (cascades B10 1yr) ν e +ν μ +ν τ (UHE A-II 1yr) Sensitivity and limits Icecube (1yr) WB bound Limit Sensitivity Diffuse search average flux upper limit [cm -2 s -1 ] sin  AMANDA-B10 AMANDA-II IceCube 1/2 year * Steady point sources sensitivity : E -2 flux hypothesis

10. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Point sources Sky map (00'-03') Significance maps No point source detected so far... 3329 real sky scrambled sky no source

11. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Neutralino as dark matter candidate Cosmological observations  m ~ 0.30  b ~ 0.05 Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model P R conserved  LSP stable = neutralino  interacts weakly  = GeV-TeV mass = dark matter??? stable   dark, non-baryonic matter

12. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Neutralino capture by Sun and Earth Sun – direct capture from galactic DM halo Earth – capture by gravitational diffusion and weak scattering

13. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Which WIMP signal Neutralino-induced neutrinos qq  l + l -   W, Z, H Atmospheric background atm.  :absorbed by the Earth atm. :compare on/off source angular regions “down” “up”

14. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Data and Monte Carlo used Data 1997-1999:5.0x10 9 events536.6 days eff. livetime 2001:8.7x10 8 events143.7 days eff. livetime Monte Carlo neutralino:50 GeV < M  < 5000 GeV [DARKSUSY] hard (W + W - ) and soft (bb) ann. channel 90° <  < 113° (Sun)  ~ 180° (Earth) atm.  : Sun: 32 daysEarth: 128 days [CORSIKA] 600 GeV < E p < 10 11 GeV0° <  p < 90° atm. : Sun: 2.10 4 evtsEarth: 2.10 8 evts [ NUSIM ] 10 GeV < E < 10 8 GeV80° <  < 180°

15. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Rejection of signal & background Earth 1997-1999 (paper in preparation) Sun 2001 (submitted to Astrop. Phys.)

16. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l No excess of neutralino- induced neutrinos signal region Earth 1997-1999 (paper in preparation) Sun 2001 (submitted to Astrop. Phys.)

17. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Muon flux limits – Earth ’97-’99 Improvements (wrt. ’97) separate filter for each neutralino model more statistics Outlook 2001-2003 data set improved reconstructions new trigger lowers E thresh PAPER IN PREPARATION

18. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Muon flux limits - Sun 2001 1st AMANDA solar neutralino results 200m diameter enables robust reconstruction of horizontal tracks Outlook 2000-2003 data set improved reconstructions new trigger lowers E thresh AMANDA results submitted for publication

19. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Conclusion & outlook AMANDA & IceCube: Amanda provided very useful information (ice, drilling, detection strategy, bkgd,...) providing tighter and tighter constraints on models IceCube all flavour detection, ~30x more sensitive almost guaranteed discoveries Is being deployed and takes data WIMPs search: No statistically significant excess of neutralino-induced neutrinos from the center of the Earth or the Sun observed Upper limits on the muon flux competitive with other indirect searches Additional data are being analysed with improved techniques

20. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l

21. Technically Optical Module Digital Optical Module Trigger, Digitization, HV Surface DOM time res. <2ns 400ns and 6.4µs range 3 gains noise ~700Hz time res. ~4-8 ns 32 µs range noise: ~1kHz Digitized Waveform 8” PMT 10” PMT +Main Board +flasher Amanda IceCube single p.e.

22. B.Baret Vrije Univertsiteit Brusse l Plan... Season planning: Nov.: preparation Dec.: construction Jan.: construction Feb.: commissioning This austral summer : 8 to 12 strings deployed By 2010 : 1km³ instrumented