1. Absolutely, Positively Last of the Mosquitoes Announcements Speaking Today: Sean Allen, Lauren Torbett Speaking Thursday: Mark Goodman, Charity Selbrede About Thursdays Class …

2. Sampling Adults Males – Not interested in them Blood questing females – Light/CO 2 traps Gravid females – Gravid traps General – Resting Boxes (Culeseta & Anopheles) Non-attraction traps – sample at random

3. CDC - Light/CO 2 Baited Trap Can use gas, dry ice, or chemical sachet Generally overnight May be used with light Some differentiate by time

4. Other Traps for Blood Questers Mosquito magnet used as a sampling tool Sonic trap mimics the sound of a dog’s heartbeat

5. Gravid Traps 1.Generally left overnight 2.The type of water affects trap catch 3.Very susceptible to rainfall 4.May also find eggs on/near water

6. Impact Assessment Biting Rate –Human Bait –Animal Bait Disease Risk –Prevalence in Mosquito Population –Prevalence in Host Population

7. Human Landing/Biting Rate 1.Fixed time interval 2.Sample at same time of day 3.Standardized human 4.Widely restricted

8. Sentinel Animals More commonly used as an early warning for disease risk

9. Landing Rates & Impact Human Nuisance – Must know two things: –Number of bites people are willing to tolerate –Bite rate that results in action Disease risk – Must know the proportion of bites that result in new infections

10. Final Thoughts on Mosquito Population Sampling All commonly used methods are relative – None give absolute estimates. Different species are sampled at different rates for each technique. Generally, must pre-define which species in the mosquito complex is the target of a sampling program then select the appropriate technique(s).

11. Determining Disease Prevalence in Mosquito Populations Sort into pools

12. Many diseases have simple strip tests available (tend to be around 70% accurate, but their cheap & easy).

13. This one costs $60 & does 20 tests

14. More accurate and sophisticated techniques are available Most are based on an amplification procedure. Such procedures require facilities with appropriate containment as well as specialized equipment & training. Cost prohibitive in many management programs (typically $20 – 25/test).

15. End of Mosquitoes

16. Brachycerous Flies

17. Muscid Flies Flies in the family Muscidae Similar in appearance to house flies (Musca domestica) Not typically human disease vector Main problems for humans: –Nuisance –Contamination –Exsanguination possible –Can be significant economic problems (esp. on livestock)

18. Principal Species in Kentucky About twice as many species as mosquitoes world wide 5 X as many species in N. America (vs. mosquitoes) Only 9 species of med/vet importance (cf. Table 16.1). Only 4 of these are important in Kentucky

19. 1. House Flies Eggs laid in batches of 75 – 150, 500 in a female’s lifetime Immatures are maggots –Vermiform diperteran larvae without distinct head capsules Sexually dimorphic Life cycle ~ 10d

20. 2. Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans Similar life cycle & appearance to house fly Blood feeder Larvae breed in wet organic matter (esp. straw mixed with manure) Primary effect: Reduces livestock performance (economic); nuisance

21. 3. Horn Fly Haematobia irritans Mostly on cattle backs Essentially only a cattle problem (larval habitat) Economic pest of cattle

22. 4. Face Fly Musca autumnalis Similar in appearance to house fly Main Impacts: –Transmit eye diseases in livestock (e.g. bacterial conjunctivis [Pink Eye]) –Irritate Livestock (Economic) –May attempt to overwinter in large numbers in houses (nuisance).