1. Changing Society in Colonial America Striving for Liberty and Equality

2. Changes in England Set the Stage Magna Carta (1215) – signed by King John to give more rights to English aristocracy (helped balance king’s royal power in government) Colonists used this in the 1700s to back their argument of no taxation without prior approval by Parliament

3. Changes in England Set the Stage Petition of Right (1628) – attempt by Parliament to declare some of King Charles I’s acts unconstitutional (quartering soldiers in private homes, taxation without Parliament’s approval, martial law, sending citizens to jail unfairly) Colonists later used many of these arguments to defend their desired break with England

4. Changes in England Set the Stage Petition of Right (1628) – continued Went against divine right of kings and set the stage for law of the land being above the king’s desires King Charles I refused this so he was executed in 1649

5. Changes in England Set the Stage English Bill of Rights (1689) – identified some rights and liberties as undeniable to the people Gave all citizens the right to petition Also limited king’s powers of taxation and keeping an army Colonists would also later claim these rights as English citizens

6. Colonial America in the 1700s Mirrored English society in many ways: - royal governors had more power than in the past - “levels” or “classes” of society became more clear - rules of English law were followed more closely - upper ruling class (both socially and politically) came into being

7. Colonial America in the 1700s Why did these changes in society happen? - trade across the ocean - increased demand for rice and tobacco - land was easy to obtain

8. Colonial America in the 1700s How did colonial America compare to England? - colonial elite generally had less money - source of power/money was not as stable as in England so ruling class tended to fluctuate - Colonial ruling class still tended to mimic English customs, manners, and government

9. Growing Pains Colonists began to assert their desire for liberty and equal rights Began to rebel against what they considered tyrannical acts and lesser treatment from the King and Parliament (often used prior acts from England – Magna Carta, Petition of Right, English Bill of Rights, etc.)

10. William Cosby vs. John Peter Zenger Cosby was royal governor of New York Zenger was a German immigrant who had been set up as publisher of New York Weekly Journal by those who were against Cosby

11. William Cosby vs. John Peter Zenger Lewis Morris (opponent of Cosby) was removed from office of Chief Justice by Cosby New York Weekly Journal published anonymous articles that criticized Cosby’s firing of Morris

12. William Cosby vs. John Peter Zenger Cosby charged Zenger with “seditious libel” (defaming, embarrassing, or challenging the government) Under English law, only needed to establish whether or not the communication was made public in order to be convicted; truth did not matter!

13. William Cosby vs. John Peter Zenger Zenger’s lawyer, Andrew Hamilton persuaded the jury that what Zenger had printed was truthful and, therefore, could not be libel Helped establish freedom of the press

14. Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) First protection of free speech in America Established speedy trial by jury and right to legal representation Set up bail and denied cruel and unusual punishments