1. Taste and olfaction Morfology and embryology

2. Organum gustatorium Taste apparatus Gemma gustatoria (Caliculus gustatorius) = taste bud Porus gustatorius Tongue, soft palate, valeculae, epiglottis Taste pathway – 3 neurons

4. Gemma gustatoria taste bud Development during 11. – 13. week Cells penetrate from chorda tympani, n. IX, and n. X Reaction with fastened swallowing and mimics (26.týden) Three types of cells – totally 100 - 150 taste cells. (epiteliocytus gustatorius) – microvilli 3 types of cells Secondary receptors (type I) Epitheliocytus sensorius gustatorius type II and III Supportive cells (epiteliocytus sustenans) basal cells (epiteliocytus basalis) – type IV

8. Gustus = taste Basic taste sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami (sodium glutamate) other (fat) Each bud percieves all tastes Located on p. vallate, foliate and fungiformae

11. Proj ection → ascending → Sensory taste path 3 – neuronal path 1. neuron: Soft pallate  nn. palatini minores  ganglion pterygopalatinum (! w/o interpolation !)  n. petrosus major  ganglion geniculi  n. intermedius  nucleus tractus solitarii ventral 2/3 tongue (= dorsum linguae)  n. lingualis  chorda tympani  n. intermedius  nucleus tractus solitarii dorsal 1/3 tongue (= radix linguae)  n. IX  ganglion inf. et sup. n. IX  nucleus tractus solitarii epiglottis, aditus laryngis  n. X  ganglion inf. et sup. n. X.  nucleus tractus solitarii 2. neuron: nucleus tractus solitarri  thalamus (nucleus ventralis posteromedialis), to motor nuclei of cn, RF 3. neuron: thalamus  brain cortex /lobus parietalis - area 43, gyrus postcentralis/ and anterior insulay, gyrus parahippocampalis and habenula ncl. parabrachialis  limbic cortex of telencephalon (shortcut bypass thalamus)

13. Organum oflactorium Čichové ústrojí čichová sliznice v nosní dutině strop, horní skořepa a stěny 5 cm 2 čichový epitel čichová dráha (n.I)

15. 6-8 cilias, 10 7 bipolar neurons, regio olfactoria=4-6 cm 2

16. Olfactory epithelium cca 13. – 15. week – differentiation of epithelium Four types of cells Basal cells ( Epitheliocytus basalis ) Unmature cells („globose cells“) Mature cells ( Epitheliocytus neurosensorius olfactorius ) – cilie, axon Primary receptor Supportive cells ( Epitheliocytus sustenans ) – nuclei apically Olfactory glands – Bowman Serous secret, odorant-binding protein, IgA

17. Preparát 96 / A1

20. Pheromonal substances in male (better known) Androstenol – create sexual appetite in female Androstenol is brought down by axillary Corynebacterium to androstenon that is aversive (urea) Androstenon – creates sexual aversion in females

21. Pheromones in female? Androstadion? 5 ovulatory fatty acids? (release during ovulation) Evidence: Synchro females cycles and its higher frequency if living together (In Berlin center for human etology)

22. Proje ction → ascending → Sensory Olfactory path 2 - neurons 1. neuron: neuroepithelial cells in pars olfactoria cavitatis nasi  fila olfactoria pass via lamina cribrosa ossis etmoidalis into skull cavity 2. neuron: mitral cells in bulbus olactorius  tractus olfactorius  trigonum olfactorium  gyri olfactorii med. et lat. (= former stria)  two principal direction : limbic system - corpus amygdaloideum + lobus temporalis (uncus gyri parahippocampalis, area entorhinalis /area 28/, periamygdalar cortex, prepiriform cortex) and from here to hypothalamus and insula nuclues mediodorsalis thalami - orbitofrontal cortex /area 11, (12,47)/