1. Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Tomas Mårtensson, Martin Hagström; FOI

2. Outline – what will I talk about? Overview on emissions from aviation Compositions and effects on climate How much emissions are there from aviation (EU-perspective) What can Air Navigation Service (ANS) providers do? How to measure “green actions”, what is good and what is bad? Environmental Key Performance Indicators. The need for Trade-off studies. Conclusions Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

3. Emitted substances From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

4. Aviation emissions Aviation is an unique emission source. Release occur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (8-12 km) on a global scale Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

5. Emitted substances Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009),

6. Aviation emissions in European airspace 2009 Flights within EUROCONTROL area Flights to/from EUROCONTROL area within / outside TOTAL within EUROCONTROL area Number of flights ~7,700 000~1,700 000~9,400 000 Average number of seats 123220153 Average Max Take Off Weight 63 t203 t94 t Average Distance flown 900 km1691 / 3039 km1046 km Average flight time 80 min125 / 206 min88 min Fuel per flight 3.1 t10.8 / 22.4 t4.5 t Total Fuel 23 000 000 t19 Mt / 39 Mt42 000 000 t CO2 74 000 000 t59 Mt / 122 Mt133 000 000 t % 56 %44 %100 % Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009

7. Aviation fuel efficiency Airlines / Manufactures ANS Air Navigation Service Load factor Aircraft fuel efficiency ANS fuel efficiency Optimal vs actual trajekctory Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

8. Horizontal flight efficiency TMA GCD DC A TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area GCD = Great Circle Distance DC = Direct Course A = Actual route

9. Horizontal flight efficiency Actual route Direct Course Great Circle Direct Route extension 32,3 km TMA Interface 15,3 km En route Extension +47.6 km Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009 922 km 890 km 874 km

10. Terminal Manoeuvring Area

11. From FL95 to “gear out” B737-600BROWNGREENDIFF Flown Distance89,4 km54,9 km34,5 km Fuel used276 kg109 kg167 kg

12. Inefficiencies actionable by ANS 2009 Fuel Flight Fuel Total CO2 Total % Estimated average within European airspace 4,5 t42 Mt133 Mt100 % Horizontal en-route flight path 163 kg1,5 Mt4,8 Mt3,6 % Vertical en-route flight profile 25 kg0,2 Mt0,7 Mt0,6 % Airborne Terminal 51 kg0,5 Mt1,5 Mt1,1 % Taxi-out phase 32 kg0,3 Mt0,9 Mt0,7 % Total ~271 kg~2,5 Mt~8,0 Mt~ 6 % Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Green actions from ANS acts on all aircrafts Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009

13. ANS ways of reducing emissions Airspace design Free route air spacing (FRAS) Arrival and Departure route design (STAR/SID) Use of Precision Navigation procedures Arrival and departure manager (AMAN/DMAN) Continuous Descend Operations Better use of weather information Optimum use of Runways Timing and punctuality Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

14. What are the problems? The European borders… Trade-off considerations Safety versus Nothing Capacity versus Environment Emissions versus Noise How to measure what actual benefits there is from “green” actions taken in ATM? Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

15. How to measure potential benefits from operational procedure changes? FOI worked with LFV ANS to develop environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 2009-2010. Build the KPI:s from available systems. The limitations with data from available systems are: Swedish airspace, Phase of flight, not all airports, Spatial resolution, time resolution, formats, metadata The recommendation was to use radar-tracks archived in Noise monitoring system. Covers the ten largest airports in Sweden out to 50 nm with high resolution in space and time for all flights. Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

16. Suggested environmental KPIs Flown distance [nm] Excessive lateral flown distance [nm] Fuel consumption [kg] Additional fuel consumption [kg] Number of CDA. Time in levelled flight [minutes] [%] Taxi time [minutes] * all defined as an average per flight Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October FOI project team with LFV: Benny Jansson, Tomas Mårtensson, Björn Nevhage, Maria Stenström

17. Flown distance D ARR = True flown distance of arriving flights [nm] D DEP = True flown distance of departing flights [nm] n arr = number of landings n dep = number of take-off Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

18. The sum of flown distance over a day Sum of flown distance in TMA Time of day 00 06 12 18 24 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

19. Excessive lateral flown distance d = norm [nm] d dep d arr Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

20. How to chose a normative distance in real life operations ? (Figure from LFV) Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October ARLANDA Take Off RWY 08 Landing RWY 01L

21. Time in levelled flight 123654 Six flights to Arlanda from distance 50 nm until touch down at RWY 26 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October (Data from LFV/(Swedavia, ANOMS system) Trade-off: Noise - Emissions

22. Emissions versus Noise Runway Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

23. Lowest emissions = Direct Course RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

24. Lowest Noise RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

25. Real operations RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

26. Emissions versus Noise Release of CO2 /day Noise Impact /day Minimum CO2 Minimum Noise “Today” Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October CO2 Cap Noise legislation Today = x movements/day FOI. Clausen Mork et al. “Tomorrow Tomorrow = y movements/day

27. Conclusions Last year, ~44 Million tones of kerosene was burned within in EUROCONTROL Area (excl sport & military aviation). ANS can act on ~6 % of aviation emissions (more for individual flights) There is a need for better measures (KPI:s) with high resolution in time and space to be able to quantify “green actions” Suggested Key Performance Indicators Flown distance, Excessive Lateral flown distance, Fuel burn, Excessive fuel burn, Number of CDA:s, Time in levelled flight and Taxi time. As aviation grows, there is a clear need to put numbers on the trade-off between noise and emissions to meet future legislations. Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October

28. FOI ̶ research for a safer world Thank you for your attention! Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October