1. The Cuban Missile Crisis

2. The United States and Latin America  1823 Monroe Doctrine  Monroe Doctrine – The US wishing to prevent any foreign power becoming involved in Latin America – after the collapse of the Spanish Empire

3. Soviet Global Policy Soviet foreign policy changes with the death of Stalin & the Soviet Union becomes interested in the Third World (Virgin Land) – backing national liberation movements Cuba perfect example of what Moscow hoped to achieve in the Third World - “We did not know what type of revolution had taken place”

4. Cuban Missile Crisis  January 1959 victory of the Cuban Revolution  Castro takes over U.S. businesses in Cuba  As Cuban-US relations deteriorate Havana’s relationship with Moscow improves

5. Cuban Missile Crisis  Propaganda gold – Cold War at its height & due to shared history/geography with US Some celebrities romanticized Cuban revolution

6. Cuban Missile Crisis  April 1961 - Bay of Pigs (failed U.S. invasion of Cuba)  Dec 1961 – Castro proclaims himself Marxist- Leninist

7. Deployment  Summer 1962 Russian missiles were sent to Cuba  Politburo divided  Khrushchev wanted to announce to world his fait accompli (initiative achieved) when at UN

8. 13 Days in October  14 th – photographs of missiles on Cuba  22 nd – Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba  24 th – Soviet ships turn back  24 th – message from Khrushchev saying must find peaceful solution  25 th – U2 spy plane shot down  26 th – 2 nd message from Khrushchev  28 th – agreement reached

9. ExComm* Reasons  Bargaining chip for Jupiter missiles in Turkey  Diverting trap – real goal was Berlin  Rebalance Cold War  Close Nuclear imbalance – cost  Cuban defense * High-level advisors to president

10. ExComm Options 3 possible options: (1)Attack Cuba (2)Trade missiles for those in Turkey (3)Quarantine Much pressure on JFK from hawks after Bay of Pigs 11 voted for quarantine/6 for invasion

11. Soviet Aims Idea came to Khrushchev while going for a walk in Bulgaria! (1)Nuclear parity – been proven by 1961 (2)Weapons in Turkey – 10 mins to hit Soviet Union but 20 mins to hit US (3)Virgin Land campaign – poor results

12. Soviet Aims (4) Reduce military spending – more “bang for your buck” on “rumble for your rouble” (5) Renewed focus on tension with China (6) Resolve problems with the West – U2 & Vienna/Berlin

13. Soviet Aims (7) Believed JFK was weak (8) Khrushchev’s character - defiant (9) Cuban defense – Prevent another Bay of Pigs with 40,000 Soviet troops already in Cuba

14. Solutions  What other options open to JFK & Khrushchev? – pressures from within own governments for quick resolution  Both fought in World War 2 – knew pitfalls to military confrontation

15. Analysis Nye – 3 ideas to keep superpowers evenly balanced 1)Domestic level – shared benefits (economic) 2)International level – distribution of power globally (political) 3)Technology – equal relative standing internationally (military) (Kennedy agrees with these three ideas)

16. Analysis  Graham Allison – Essence of Decision. Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis  Model I – Security and stability at risk  Model II – Organizations within each government have own reasons  Model III – Individuals with own reasons but maintain careful consideration of political situation in their own country which model should drive president’s decision?

17. Outcomes  Russia promises to withdraw missiles from Cuba  US promises not to invade Cuba – Monroe Doctrine dead  1963 U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey removed  1964 cost Khrushchev his job – criticized for overseas adventures

18. Outcomes  “Eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first” – Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State  Hotline between Washington and Moscow created  1963 - Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty  1968 – Non Proliferation Treaty

19. Conclusions  Moscow takes decision to station nuclear weapons elsewhere for a variety of different internal and foreign policy reasons – not just Cuban defense  “special” relationship between Washington & Havana increases tension  Legacy for rest of Cold War

20. Conclusions  Perceived as great humiliation for Soviet Union