1. 1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology October 17 Lecture 12

2. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 2

3. Psychology 3053 1. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the major: (c) stages of personality development? (continued) 2. What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? 3. According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety? The Psychoanalytic Perspective 3

4. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. discuss Freud’s views regarding sex differences in personality development. 1. describe the Stage Theory of Psychosexual Development. 4 2. describe the personality types associated with fixation at distinct stages of psychosexual development. 4

5. 5 5. describe and generate examples of defense mechanisms. 6. discuss the association between defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment. 5 4. distinguish between reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety.

6. Psychology 3056 3.Phallic Stage (continued) 6 According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the major stages of personality development? (continued)

7. Psychology 3057 (b) Electra Complex Girls, too, begin life with a strong attraction towards their mother. When they realize that they and their mother lack a penis, they blame their mother for the “deficiency.” 7

8. Psychology 3058 Through identification with their mother, girls resolve the conflict, internalize her values, and gain vicarious satisfaction of their sexual impulses towards their father. Girls shift their affection toward their father, developing a desire to achieve sexual union with their father. 8

9. Psychology 3059  Fixation results in poor moral development in males and females.  Freud argued that females are more likely than males to become fixated at this stage.  Fixation occurs if the child is unable to identify with the same-sex parent. 9

10. Psychology 30510 4. Latency Stage  6 years – puberty.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  Sexual impulses are less pronounced. Children direct energy towards learning and peer group activities.  There are no specific conflicts at this time. This stage is one of relative calm, with little psychological growth. 10

11. Psychology 30511 5. Genital Stage  Puberty – adulthood.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  There are no specific conflicts. Freud described this stage as an ideal, as the stage of “psychosexual maturity.”  Sexual impulses are largely expressed through mutually gratifying sexual interactions with other individuals. 11

12. Psychology 30512 What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? Freud described anxiety as an “objectless” fear—that is, as a fear that often does not have an apparent cause. 12 He proposed 3 types of anxiety:

13. Psychology 30513 1. Reality Anxiety  “Objective” anxiety.  A fear of tangible, “real” dangers. 13  Reflects conflict between the ego and constraints of external reality.

14. Psychology 30514 2. Neurotic Anxiety  A fear of being punished for the expression of id impulses.  Reflects conflict between the id and ego.  Stems from childhood experiences of punishment for the expression of id impulses. 14

15. Psychology 30515 3. Moral Anxiety  A fear of one’s conscience (i.e., retaliation by the superego).  Reflects conflict between the ego and superego.  Subjectively experienced as guilt or shame. 15

16. Psychology 30516 Anxiety suggests that the ego is under threat. The ego may: (a) remove itself from the threatening situation, (b) inhibit the expression of id impulses, and/or (c) adhere to the moral codes of the conscience. Alternatively, if rational strategies are not feasible, the ego may use irrational strategies or defense mechanisms. 16

17. Psychology 30517 According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety? Defense mechanisms: 1. Involve the distortion of reality. 2. Operate in the unconscious mind. 17

18. Defense Mechanism DescriptionExample DenialRefuse to acknowledge threatening information.Failure to acknowledge evidence linking smoking to mortality. RepressionShift threatening information to the unconscious; “motivated forgetting.” Lack of memory of childhood sexual abuse. ProjectionAttribute a threatening characteristic in oneself to other people. Paranoid personality disorder. RationalizationCreate a seemingly logical explanation for shameful behaviour. Justification for tax evasion. IntellectualizationThink about threatening information in a cold, analytical manner; “isolation of affect.” Development of military strategy. DisplacementRedirect a threatening impulse to a relatively safe target. Child abuse. Reaction Formation* React in a manner that is the opposite of a threatening impulse; often exaggerated in form. Homophobia. Regression*Use of an immature pattern of gratification/coping.Overeating in response to stress. SublimationExpress a threatening impulse through a “noble” action. The work of a surgeon. 18 * Not discussed in Carver and Scheier (2012). Common Defense Mechanisms

19. Your Questionnaire: The Life Styles Index Conte & Apter, 1995; Offer et al., 2000; Plutchik et al., 1979; Tori & Emavarchana, 1998 Score 1:Denial score Score 2:Regression score Score 3:Intellectualization score Score 4: Score 5: Score 6: Score 7: Reaction formation score Repression score Projection score Displacement score 19

20. DEFENSE MECHANISM MAXIMUM POSSIBLE SCORE MEAN FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS MEAN FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA p VALUE Denial113.044.55<.01 Regression146.938.24ns Intellectualization159.5614.10<.001 Reaction Formation 122.266.41<.001 Repression104.248.17<.001 Projection125.266.76<.01 Displacement122.193.21<.05 Mean Score for Each Defense Mechanism: College Students Compared with Schizophrenics 20

21. DEFENSE MECHANISM CORRELATION WITH SELF- ESTEEM a CORRELATION WITH ANXIETY b Denial.23-.35 Regression-.52.48 Intellectualization-.40.42 Reaction Formation.09.35 Repression-.25.23 Projection-.31.57 Displacement-.22.34 Correlations of Ego Defenses with Self-Esteem and Anxiety a Tennessee Self Concept Scale; b Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale 21

22. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. discuss Freud’s views regarding sex differences in personality development. 1. describe the Stage Theory of Psychosexual Development. 22 2. describe the personality types associated with fixation at distinct stages of psychosexual development. 22

23. 23 5. describe and generate examples of defense mechanisms. 6. discuss the association between defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment. 23 4. distinguish between reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety.