1. LEARNING GOAL 8.2: DISCUSS FREUD'S PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY AND EVALUATE ITS CLAIMS. Psychodynamics

2. Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist, 1856-1939 Introduced to hypnotic methods early on and developed his practice around hypnosis Upon his father’s death, wrestled with depressive episodes and dreams that recalled his childhood; self-analysis during this time played a crucial role in the development of his theories

3. The Mind According to Freud Three parts:  Conscious: thoughts and feelings that we’re aware of  Preconscious: information that we aren’t aware of but which we can retrieve into consciousness  Unconscious: unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories locked deep in the mind To Freud, the key to diagnosis and treatment of problems was unlocking the unconscious

4. Personality According to Freud Three parts: Three parts  Id (the child): unconscious psychic energy whose sole goal is pleasure; wants instant gratification for any basic physical drives  Superego (the parent): internalized societal ideals, also called your conscience; strives for discipline and perfection  Ego (the adult): the conscious part of the personality that mediates between the id and the superego; represents reason and reality

5. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms Conflict between the id and superego causes anxiety; the ego reduces this anxiety with defense mechanisms

6. Defense Mechanisms Repression: banishing unpleasant thoughts

7. Defense Mechanisms Regression: retreating to a more comfortable life stage

8. Defense Mechanisms Denial: refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant external event

9. Defense Mechanisms Reaction formation: thinking the opposite of the unpleasant feeling

10. Defense Mechanisms Projection: attributing your own problems to other people

11. Defense Mechanisms Rationalization: offering excuses that feel more comfortable

12. Defense Mechanisms Displacement: rerouting feelings to less threatening people

13. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Freud’s analyses led him to believe that personality problems were rooted in early childhood; more specifically, that an early conflict had not been resolved, causing a person to “fixate” in one of the five psychosexual stages of development These psychosexual stages are defined by the id’s primary pleasure-seeking focus

14. Psychosexual Stages StageExperiencesSigns of Fixation 1: Oral (ages 0-1) Gains pleasure from sucking, biting, or chewing May be anxious from weaning Gullibility Dependency Passivity 2: Anal (ages 1-3) Gains pleasure from bathroom activities May be anxious about toilet training Cleanliness Messiness Destructive tendencies 3: Phallic (ages 3-6) Develops sexual curiosity and awareness of gender Theorized Oedipal / Electra complex Flirtatiousness or promiscuity Vanity or pride

15. Psychosexual Stages StageExperiencesSigns of Fixation 4: Latency (ages 6- puberty) Sexual feelings are dormant as the id is repressed Focuses on further developing the ego Unfulfilled sexuality 5: Genital (puberty onward) Gains pleasure from intimate (sexual) relationships Unsatisfactory relationships

16. Neo-Freudian Theories Alfred Adler  Emphasized social tensions over sexual tensions  Coined the term “inferiority complex” Carl Jung  Believed in a collective unconscious, in which we share memories from our ancestors; theory based on common archetypes throughout history (e.g. the hero, the quest) Karen Horney (pronounced horn-eye)  Criticized Freud’s male bias  Thought social expectations played a bigger role in personality than biological factors

17. Check Your Understanding You’re feeling a little too warm right now.  How does your id want to respond?  How does your superego want to respond?  How might your ego handle the situation? Which psychosexual stage would Freud say each person below is fixated in?  A child who refuses to fingerpaint because it’s too messy  A teenager who bites her nails whenever she’s upset  A successful businessman who’s always trying to outdo his father

18. Check Your Understanding Fill in the blanks in the comic below: