1. MEIC R&D Some Facts & some thoughts MEIC Collaboration meeting October 5-7, 2015 JLab Y. Derbenev for the design participants

2. Outline I.EIC@JLab catechism II.Ion Magnets III.Ion Components IV.Electron Collider Ring V.Synchronization VI.Beam Cooling VII. IonTest Stand & Studies /a proposition/ 2

3. EIC@JLab catechism

4. Ion Magnets SF: baseline or R&D ? Explore the achieved and explored SC sin-technology level 1) cable (fast ramp & efficient operation) 2) bent dipoles Expand expert consultant and collaborations: Exchange visits & collaborate JINR/GSI

5. A sight on Ion Components 100 MeV ion linac + 2 boosters injector for Collider ring 100 MeV linac suggests about 90 M$ cost reduction (!) Pre-booster: Design a (reasonably) shortest 3 GeV racetrack booster (warm or SF). Advantages: - reduction of Sp. Ch. Impact by a factor about 2.5 (better emittance or higher accumulated current) - two times shorter SC solenoid for proton spin Large Booster: Use E-collider ring as large ion booster Alternative (V. Morozov): Design separate SF LB ring (400 M circumference) 6

6. Electron Collider Ring Need small emittance !!! Investigate a modest advanced lattice concept: PEPII dipoles + SC quads Ultimate lattice concept: short dipoles + SC quads Are sextupoles absolutely needed in arcs? Place them in CCB ?/ gaining reduction of the 2 nd order chromatic tune?/

7. Synchronization Gear instability is a holloing ghost, not more than that ! Gear switch vision 1. In my anticipation, gear switch will be shown allowed (i.e. it seems not to present a dynamical problem). In case, necessary stabilizing measures will be implemented. 2. To be noted that, N-physicists want to use gear for averaging over bunch to-bunch collisions. 3. Move magnets (drastic easier with gear switch!) is a baseline for today, anyway

8. Gear + Gaps effect vision Gear with gaps lead to stochastic incoherent dynamics in, again, non-linear beam-beam field. Potential heat mechanism for ion beam. However, my estimations show that it can be suppressed by electron cooling. I think we are able to develop an analytical study based on dynamics modeling with Vlasov + Liapunov + Landau stability equations. We should invite for cooperation Alexei Burov and Davresh Khasanyan. Of course, gear dynamics must be simulated in an adequate code way. No question for me, gear switch is allowed. Gear impacts an cure Kink instability (which is an actual reduction of the gear dynamics, as to me) will be suppressed by Landau damping: collective dipole excitation of ion beam (as well as the electron one) happens in the non-linear field of the encountering beam with its fundamental non-linear tune spread. This tune spread exceeds the kink increment by one order of value for i-beam and two orders for e-beam. Similar picture should be actual in the longitudinal direction. 4

9. Scanning Synchronization idea h ions e-e- In case that shift of the collision point (CP) is shared equally with the ion beam, the bypass parameters for each of two beams are reduced by a factor of 2, together with the similar reduction of the CP deviation. Crabbing and scanning voltages could be combined in one cavity:

10. ScSyn cycles ions e-e- A cycle of the RF voltage control implies two tact: the collisions tact (CT) and the switching tact (ST). In CT, RF amplitude (including sign) changes linearly with time (according to the diagram of Fig. 2). During ST, the kicking RF voltage is supposed to be quickly returned to its initial amplitude and phase to start the next cycle. The cycle duration will be equal to the two inverse differences in the bunch repetition rates of two beams. Minimum duration of a cycle is equal 2 periods of beam revolution (14 mcs at 2.1. KM of circumference, i.e. 70 KHz rep. rate)

11. Adjustment of beam focusing at ScS ions e-e-

12. Estimations of ScSyn parameters

13. Transmitters with the frequency-locked magnetrons for digital control of ScSyn (G.Kazakevich / Muons, Inc.) A wide-band phase and amplitude control of magnetrons via phase-modulated injection-locking signal had been demonstrated at FNAL “ NIM A 760, (2014)760, (2014) The injection (frequency)-locked magnetrons keeping precisely-stable carrier frequency are available for a wide-band phase modulation almost like klystrons and IOTs, [http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.0304].http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.0304 The RF transmitters based on the frequency-locked controlled magnetrons can compete with traditional amplifiers (klystrons, IOTs and solid-state amplifiers) in feeding of RF cavities of accelerators requiring controlled manipulations in phase and power. However, the magnetrons are much more cost-effective RF sources. Cost of 1 W power from high-power magnetron RF sources is ~ $1, while cost of 1 W from klystrons is ~ $5, cost of 1 W from IOT is ~$10 and cost of 1 W from solid-state high-power amplifiers is ~$16. Magnetrons are most efficient RF sources. Efficiency of high-power CW commercial magnetrons is ~85%, while efficiency of the traditional high-power RF amplifiers does not reach 60%. Thus utilization of magnetrons in high-energy intensity-frontier accelerators can save very significant capital and maintenance costs in comparison with application of the traditional RF sources. Transmitter with the frequency-locked magnetrons can be applied for digitally controlled Scanning Synchronization. The transmitter can provide a fast phase flip (~200 ns) for energy recovery by beats and a controlled ramp of the deflecting voltage. At the ramp duration of >10 mcs one can expect nonlinearity < 1%. I guess that for cycle with duration of 14 mcs the nonlinearity may be ~ 0.1%. Duration of the linear ramps is limited by bandwidth of the phase control and for shortest ramps, (~ 1 mcs) one can expect nonlinearity ~ a few %.

14. 14 ScSyn Electro-dynamical concept (Y. Derbenev, V. Popov (JLab); G.Kazakevich (Muons, Inc) Conceptual scheme Modeling of energy transfer into the buffer cavity G. Kazakevich7.30.2015 7 A novel method of energy recovery in the deflecting cavities, based on a fast transfer by beats of the stored energy in coupled high Q-factor cavities has been proposed and considered for use at ScS. Need a precise phase and amplitude control Need a superfast switch !

15. 15 Controlled Magnetron RF Source for ScS (G. Kazakevich) The magnetron transmitter providing a wideband phase and power control The proposed RF energy recovery method using efficient transmitters based on magnetrons frequency-locked by phase-modulated wide-band signal will be cost-effective and will allow a significant decrease of the RF power required for the deflecting cavities at the scanning synchronization. G. Kazakevich 7.30.2015 8

16. Superfast Switch for ScS (V. Popov) Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch (PCSS) for use in “MEIC Scanning Synchronization”. The PCSS switch was proposed as an advanced alternative to the PIN diode microwave switching circuit for control the energy transfer process in coupled resonators-cavities (see. G. Kazakevitch Conceptual scheme). The PCSS switch is a very fast photo-electrical switch-device with a lot of potential applications including sub-nanosecond fast microwave switching. However, for use in the MEIC Scanning Synchronization the microwave circuit with embedded one or more optically controlled PCSS devices has to be designed, simulated and tested. Some PCSS models and semiconductor raw material dedicated for application in PCSS are available from the market (Kyma Technologies). V. Popov 9 List of questions which need to be answered: 1. What type of semiconductor is preferred 2. On/Off timing and ratio. 3. Insertion loss 4. Long term stability 5. Operation inside of high strength microwave field. A possible microwave circuit and light pulse control system also must be designed and tested.

17. Electron Cooling Circulator-cooler ring, overall issues Fast SRF kicker Beam-beam kicker Electron Storage Ring-Cooler Circular Modes Ion Transport

18. Superfast Kickers SRF multi-harmonic kicker Beam-beam kicker

19. h v0v0 v≈c surface charge density F L σcσc D kicking beam Both beams magnetized Both beams should be flattened in the kick sections to have a small horizontal size while relatively large the vertical sizes A short (1~ 3 cm) target electron bunch passes through a long (10 - 20 cm) low- energy flat bunch at a very close distance, receiving a transverse kick : Coherence conditions: Circulating beam energyMeV33 Kicking beam energyMeV~0.3 Repetition frequencyMHz5 -15 Kicking anglemrad0.7 K- bunch lengthcm15-30 K- bunch widthcm0.5 K-bunch chargenC2 Beam-beam Kicker Ejection/injection of cooling bunches in the horizontal plane by kicks in x-direction

20. ERL storage ring as Cooler ion bunch electron bunch Cooling section solenoid Full energy injector E E cooling ring Energy compensation ± ΔE± ΔE E+ΔE ~100 MeV E+ΔE Energy compensation Damping ring ERL Multiple damping wigglers Y.Zhang, V. Morozov, Jiquan Guo

21. Circular Modes (CM) optics for Ion Beam By the way, there is the following serious issue of the MEIC design: Space charge of short ion bunches of MEIC does limit luminosity of the collider in the “low” energies region Observation of features of a magnetized e-beam transport (CM optics!) provokes a question: CM optics for Ion Beam?

22. Circular Modes Transport (CMT) & Rings (CMR) Design beam transport around a ring creating two circular modes (CM) of two naturally opposite helicities. Each of two individual CMs will look at a point of the orbit as a round (more generally, elliptical) turn by turn rotating pencil beam with some phase advance. CMs may occupy all the beam transport (ring or line) but also: CMs can be created from (annihilated to) planar modes in a region of a ring or line applying round to flat transformations (RFT) CMs can be magnetized by cooling solenoid

23. Ion space charge with CMs Similar to magnetized e-beam, beam space charge can be “settled” just into one of two CMs, leaving other “empty” i.e. having a very low emittance: Laslett detune of two CM modes is intrinsic-equate: On the background of large CM, the small one manifests in a low “temperature” of the round-rotating beam

24. Cooling of small CM will not be stopped by the SpCh Applicable to stochastic cooling What about electron cooling? Applicable to EC in principle as well, but cooling rate can be limited by rotation of the “large” CM Can we eliminate this rotation in cooling section? Yes, we can Beam Cooling with CMs

25. “Magnetized” Ion Beam

26. Cyclotron and Longitudinal cooling In a homogeneous e-beam one can cool the CyM and energy spread However, ion beam size may exceed the e-beam size (at least for initial ion beam) Scanning e-beam is solution for this issue

27. Dispersive cooling of the drift mode To attain the drift cooling, introduce dispersion of appropriate magnitude and sign for both beams in solenoid Comment on organizing i-beam dispersion: while zooming the ion beta-function to match solenoid, one can avoid undesirable growth of the dispersion, by a specific design of the dipole/quadruple lattice of the zooming section Possible alternative to e-dispersion: - Make scanning of e-beam gradient-inhomogeneous

28. IBS in CM rings Cyclotron cooling can be stopped by IBS in ion beam around the CM ring Below the transition energy (TE) (approximately…), IBS heating is due to alteration of beam focusing Above TE, IBS heating is mainly due to the “negative longitudinal mass”

29. Use of CM and Matched EC

30. RF-painting for stacking in one CM

31. Shortening the initial cooling time At optimal organization of EC (including the dispersive cooling), cooling time is determined by the 6D normalized emittance of ion beam (beam extension is not necessary but can be applied when advantageous) So, when having one CM emittance small, one receives a significant reduction of the cooling time (cooling after injection to collider ring; and initial cooling at top energy)

32. Potential to overcome the SpCh limitation of EIC luminosity While maintaining a round-rotating cooled beam state around the ring, one can transform round beam to flat to the IP (since the e-beam is flat), in this way gaining luminosity over the SC limit of the ring.

33. Easing the IR design Having flat or one-CM-round beam in IR is easing significantly the achromatic IR design Allows one to reduce limitations of dynamical aperture due to the non-linear fields of achromatic IR

34. Low energy ion front-end Test Facility (ITF) Polarized ion source, universal RFQ and DTL 10 MeV Small booster-synchrotron 200 MeV with DC EC -Coupled optics (circular modes) -Space charge with Circular Modes -Matched El. Cool. for low 4D emittance -Polarimetry tests -Study spin resonance, natural and RF (figure 8 ring) 13

35. Conclusion Goals of R&D beyond the baseline: --- Maintain the conceptual superiority of the EIC@JLab in capabilities, efficiency and operation cost --- Thank you for your attention and interest!