1. Large Seated Buddha with Standing Bodhisattva, from Cave 20, Yungang, Shanxi Province, China. Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460–70 CE. Stone. height 44 ft. Werner Forman / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-1]
Large Seated Buddha with Standing Bodhisattva, from Cave 20, Yungang, Shanxi Province, China. Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460–70 CE. Stone. height 44 ft. Werner Forman / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-1]

2. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy
The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy. [Fig. 18-2]
The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy. [Fig. 18-2]

3. Santa Costanza, Rome. c. 354 CE. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-3]

4. Theodora and Her Attendants. c. 547
Theodora and Her Attendants. c Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-4]
Theodora and Her Attendants. c Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-4]

5. Justinian and His Attendants. c. 547
Justinian and His Attendants. c Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-5]
Justinian and His Attendants. c Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-5]

6. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6a]
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6a]

7. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (plan). 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6b]
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (plan). 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6b]

8. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, interior view. 532–37. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-7]
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, interior view. 532–37. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-7]

9. Christ, from Deësis mosaic. 13th century. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-8]

10. Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16
Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16. Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding World Imagery. [Fig. 18-9]
Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16. Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding World Imagery. [Fig. 18-9]

11. Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c
Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c (restored). Glazed and cut ceramic. 11 ft. 3 in. × 7 ft. 6 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939 (39.20). [Fig ]
Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c (restored). Glazed and cut ceramic. 11 ft. 3 in. × 7 ft. 6 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939 (39.20). [Fig ]

12. Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy
Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy. [Fig ]
Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy. [Fig ]

13. Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987
Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]
Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]

14. Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c. 625
Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamel, originally on an ivory or bone background (now lost). length 8 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamel, originally on an ivory or bone background (now lost). length 8 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

15. St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c. 700
St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c approximately 11 × 9 in. By permission of The British Library. [Fig ]
St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c approximately 11 × 9 in. By permission of The British Library. [Fig ]

16. St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810
St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810. Manuscript page. 12-3/4 × 9-7/8 in. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. [Fig ]
St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810. Manuscript page. 12-3/4 × 9-7/8 in. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. [Fig ]

17. Gislebertus. Last Judgment, tympanum and lintel, west portal, Cathedral, Autun, France. c. 1125–35. Stone. approximately 12 ft. 6 in. × 22 ft. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]
Gislebertus. Last Judgment, tympanum and lintel, west portal, Cathedral, Autun, France. c. 1125–35. Stone. approximately 12 ft. 6 in. × 22 ft. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig ]

18. West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c
West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c. 1160; north spire 1507–13. Robert Harding Picture Library, Ltd./Alamy. [Fig ]
West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c. 1160; north spire 1507–13. Robert Harding Picture Library, Ltd./Alamy. [Fig ]

19. Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries
Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries. © Svenja-Foto/zefa/CORBIS. [Fig ]
Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries. © Svenja-Foto/zefa/CORBIS. [Fig ]

20. Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore)
Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36. Vanni / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36. Vanni / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

21. Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90
Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90. Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90. Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

22. Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c
Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–45. © Angelo Hornak / Alamy. [Fig ]
Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–45. © Angelo Hornak / Alamy. [Fig ]

23. Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century
Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century. Copper. height. 43-1/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund [Fig ]
Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century. Copper. height. 43-1/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund [Fig ]

24. The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala period, 12th century. Argillite. height 5-5/16 in. Purchase, Diana and Arthur G. Altschul Gift, 1993 (1993.7). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala period, 12th century. Argillite. height 5-5/16 in. Purchase, Diana and Arthur G. Altschul Gift, 1993 (1993.7). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

25. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chandella dynasty, c. 1025–50. © Neil Grant / Alamy. [Fig ]
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chandella dynasty, c. 1025–50. © Neil Grant / Alamy. [Fig ]

26. Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi
Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645 CE. © Kevin O´Hara/Age Fotostock. [Fig ]
Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645 CE. © Kevin O´Hara/Age Fotostock. [Fig ]

27. Guo Xi. Early Spring. 1072 (Northern Song dynasty)
Guo Xi. Early Spring (Northern Song dynasty). Hanging scroll, ink, and slight color on silk. length 60 in. Lee & Lee Communications / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Guo Xi. Early Spring (Northern Song dynasty). Hanging scroll, ink, and slight color on silk. length 60 in. Lee & Lee Communications / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

28. Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed 1709
Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed © Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/CORBIS. [Fig ]
Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed © Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/CORBIS. [Fig ]

29. Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, detail, from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period. Kamakura period, late 13th century. Handscroll, ink and colors on paper. 16-1/4 × 275-1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Fenollosa-Weld Collection Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig ]
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, detail, from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period. Kamakura period, late 13th century. Handscroll, ink and colors on paper. 16-1/4 × 275-1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Fenollosa-Weld Collection Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig ]

30. Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century
Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century. Lacquered iron and leather, silk, stenciled leather, copper-gilt. height 37-1/2 in.; weight 38 lb. 3 oz. Gift of Bashford Dean, 1914 ( b-e). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century. Lacquered iron and leather, silk, stenciled leather, copper-gilt. height 37-1/2 in.; weight 38 lb. 3 oz. Gift of Bashford Dean, 1914 ( b-e). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

31. Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass
Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass. height 11-7/16 in. Dirk Bakker, Museum of Ife Antiquities, Nigeria. [Fig ]
Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass. height 11-7/16 in. Dirk Bakker, Museum of Ife Antiquities, Nigeria. [Fig ]

32. Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400
Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400. height 14-1/2 in., atop a stone monolith, total height 64 in. Great Zimbabwe Site Museum, Zimbabwe. [Fig ]
Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400. height 14-1/2 in., atop a stone monolith, total height 64 in. Great Zimbabwe Site Museum, Zimbabwe. [Fig ]

33. Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century
Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century. © Kazuyoshi Nomachi/HAGA/ The Image Works. [Fig ]
Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century. © Kazuyoshi Nomachi/HAGA/ The Image Works. [Fig ]