1. Polysaccharides To be able to explain; The formation of the polysaccharides starch, glycogen and cellulose.The formation of the polysaccharides starch, glycogen and cellulose. Hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides.Hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides. Relationship of structure to function in starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules.Relationship of structure to function in starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules.

2. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. There are three important polysaccharides:There are three important polysaccharides: –Starch –Glycogen –Cellulose

3. Starch This is the plant storage polysaccharide.This is the plant storage polysaccharide. It is insoluble and forms starch granules inside many plant cells.It is insoluble and forms starch granules inside many plant cells. It is not a pure substance, but is a mixture of amylose and amylopectinIt is not a pure substance, but is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

4. Amylose and amylopectin Amylose is simply poly-(1-4) glucose, so is a straight chain. In fact the chain is floppy, and it tends to coil up into a helix. Amylopectin is poly(1-4) glucose with about 4% (1-6) branches. This gives it a more open molecular structure than amylose. Because it has more ends, it can be broken more quickly than amylose by amylase enzymes. Both amylose and amylopectin are broken down by the enzyme amylase into maltose, though at different rates. The enzyme can only break down the 1-4 bond NOT the 1-6 so starch is broken down into glucose and a disaccharide

5. Glycogen This is similar in structure to amylopectin.This is similar in structure to amylopectin. It is poly (1-4) glucose with 9% (1-6) branches.It is poly (1-4) glucose with 9% (1-6) branches. It is made by animals as their storage polysaccharide, and is found mainly in muscle and liver.It is made by animals as their storage polysaccharide, and is found mainly in muscle and liver. Because it is so highly branched, it can be mobilised (broken down to glucose for energy) very quickly.Because it is so highly branched, it can be mobilised (broken down to glucose for energy) very quickly. It is broken down to glucose by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.It is broken down to glucose by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

6. Cellulose This is only found in plants, where it is the main component of cell walls.This is only found in plants, where it is the main component of cell walls. It is poly (1-4) glucose, but with a different isomer of glucose.It is poly (1-4) glucose, but with a different isomer of glucose. Starch and glycogen contain α-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks down from the ring, while cellulose contains β-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks up.Starch and glycogen contain α-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks down from the ring, while cellulose contains β-glucose, in which the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 sticks up. This means that in a chain alternate glucose molecules are inverted.This means that in a chain alternate glucose molecules are inverted.

7. Starch and Cellulose Whereas the α1 ‑ 4 glucose polymer in starch coils up to form granules, the β1 ‑ 4 glucose polymer in cellulose forms straight chains.Whereas the α1 ‑ 4 glucose polymer in starch coils up to form granules, the β1 ‑ 4 glucose polymer in cellulose forms straight chains. Hundreds of these chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form cellulose microfibrils.Hundreds of these chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form cellulose microfibrils. These microfibrils are very strong and rigid, and give strength to plant cells, and therefore to young plants and also to materials such as paper, cotton and sellotape.These microfibrils are very strong and rigid, and give strength to plant cells, and therefore to young plants and also to materials such as paper, cotton and sellotape.

8. Other polysaccharides Chitin (poly glucose amine), found in fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of insects. Callose (poly 1-3 glucose), found in the walls of phloem tubes. Dextran (poly 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4 glucose), the storage polysaccharide in fungi and bacteria. Inulin (poly fructose), a plant food store. Pectin (poly galactose uronate), found in plant cell walls. Agar (poly galactose sulphate), found in algae and used to make agar plates. Murein (a sugar-peptide polymer), found in bacterial cell walls. Lignin (a complex polymer), found in the walls of xylem cells, is the main component of wood.

9. What can you remember? 1.What is a hexose? 1.Which of the following is a hexose sugar? a.Glucose b.Fructose c.Maltose d.Lactose e.Galactose f.Starch g.Cellulose h.Glycogen 2.Give the general formula for a carbohydrate 3.What is the name for the reaction that joins two monosaccharides together? 4.Name a carbohydrate that is a) Stored in mammalian liver and muscle b) Stored in the cells of plants c) Found in cell walls d) Translocated in phloem e) Transported in the blood f) An isomer of glucose g) Found in DNA 5.What is the name for the bond that is formed between them? 6.What is the name for the reactionthat separates two monosaccharides joined together?

10. What can you remember? 1.What is a hexose? 1.Which of the following is a hexose sugar? a.Glucose b.Fructose c.Maltose d.Lactose e.Galactose f.Starch g.Cellulose h.Glycogen 2.Give the general formula for a carbohydrate 3.What is the name for the reaction that joins two monosaccharides together? 4.Name a carbohydrate that is a) Stored in mammalian liver and muscle b) Stored in the cells of plants c) Found in cell walls d) Translocated in phloem e) Transported in the blood f) An isomer of glucose g) Found in DNA 5.What is the name for the bond that is formed between them? 6.What is the name for the reactionthat separates two monosaccharides joined together? Monosaccharide sugar containing 6 carbon atoms    glycogen starch cellulose sucrose glucose Fructose/galactose deoxyribose CH2O condensation Glycosidic bond Hydrolysis

11. Carbohydrates worksheet 1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but their atoms are linked in different sequences.Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but their atoms are linked in different sequences. For example, fructose and glucose are structural isomers because, although they have the same molecular formula (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), glucose contains an aldehyde group (it is an aldose) and fructose contains a keto group (it is a ketose).For example, fructose and glucose are structural isomers because, although they have the same molecular formula (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), glucose contains an aldehyde group (it is an aldose) and fructose contains a keto group (it is a ketose). In contrast, optical isomers are identical in every way except that they are mirror images of each other. The two ring forms of glucose, α and β glucose, are optical isomers, being two mirror image forms.In contrast, optical isomers are identical in every way except that they are mirror images of each other. The two ring forms of glucose, α and β glucose, are optical isomers, being two mirror image forms.

12. 2 Isomers wilt have different bonding properties and will form different disaccharides and macromolecules depending on the isomer involved, e.g. glucose and fructose are structural isomers; glucose + glucose forms maltose, glucose + fructose from sucrose.Isomers wilt have different bonding properties and will form different disaccharides and macromolecules depending on the isomer involved, e.g. glucose and fructose are structural isomers; glucose + glucose forms maltose, glucose + fructose from sucrose. A polysaccharide of the α isomer of glucose forms starch whereas the β isomer forms cellulose.A polysaccharide of the α isomer of glucose forms starch whereas the β isomer forms cellulose.

13. 3. Compound sugars are formed and broken down by condensation and hydrolysis reactions respectively.Compound sugars are formed and broken down by condensation and hydrolysis reactions respectively. Condensation reactions join two carbohydrate molecules by a glycosidic bond with the release of a water molecule.Condensation reactions join two carbohydrate molecules by a glycosidic bond with the release of a water molecule. Hydrolysis reactions use water to split a carbohydrate molecule into two, where the water molecule is used to provide a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group.Hydrolysis reactions use water to split a carbohydrate molecule into two, where the water molecule is used to provide a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group.

14. 4. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all polymers of glucose, but differ in form and function because of the optical isomer involved. The length of the polymers, and the degree of branching.Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all polymers of glucose, but differ in form and function because of the optical isomer involved. The length of the polymers, and the degree of branching. Cellulose is an unbranched, long chain glucose polymer held by p-1,4 glycosidic bonosCellulose is an unbranched, long chain glucose polymer held by p-1,4 glycosidic bonos The straight, tightly packed chains give cellulose high tensile strength and resistance to hydrolysisThe straight, tightly packed chains give cellulose high tensile strength and resistance to hydrolysis Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides:Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides:

15. HOMEWORK